Farsi Grammar Guide

Welcome to the Elon.io Farsi Grammar Guide. 760 topics across every area of Farsi grammar, tagged by CEFR level so you can find the right page for your level.

A197 pagesA2228 pagesB1202 pagesB2119 pagesC188 pagesC226 pages

Start Here (A1)

New to Farsi? These are the foundation topics every beginner needs.

A1 Path: Script to First Conversations — Follow an ordered A1 route from decoding Persian script to producing short present- and past-time survival conversations.
Adjectives after Nouns with Ezâfe — Build neutral Persian attributive phrases with the noun first, an audible ezâfe linker, and one or more following adjectives.
Predicative Adjectives and the Copula — Say that someone or something is adjective with no ezâfe, using standard, enclitic, negative, and colloquial copula forms.
Time and Frequency Adverbs — Place امروز, فردا, همیشه, گاهی, and معمولا naturally and match them to the intended time and frequency.
Degree and Manner Words — Use خیلی and کمی for degree, and خوب, بد, and سریع for manner, with natural Persian placement and focus.
Original Dialogue: Meeting a New Classmate — Read an original beginner dialogue that moves naturally from polite شما to friendly تو while practicing names, origin, copulas, and pro-drop.
Original Dialogue: Ordering Tea at a Café — Read an original A1 café exchange and unpack polite requests, counters, داشتن, prices, thanks, and conversational register.
Original Dialogue: Asking Where the Metro Is — Follow an original A1 directions exchange using کجا, spatial phrases, هستن, polite imperatives, and clarification questions.
بودن or هستن? — Choose the right Persian form of ‘be’ for identity, property, location, existence, emphasis, negation, and non-present contexts.
یک or Indefinite ی? — Choose یک, indefinite ـی, both, or neither according to counting, discourse introduction, specificity, and register.
Reading and Typing Persian Left to Right — Correct left-to-right transfer by separating Persian logical input order from visual display, cursor movement, number direction, punctuation, and half-spaces.
Using Arabic ك and ي instead of Persian ک and ی — Diagnose visually similar Arabic and Persian Unicode letters, repair mixed text, and prevent search, grading, sorting, and ZWNJ failures.

Learner Paths

Guided Sequences

A1 Path: Script to First ConversationsA1 — Follow an ordered A1 route from decoding Persian script to producing short present- and past-time survival conversations.
A2 Path: Core MorphologyA2 — Consolidate A2 plurals, object marking, clitics, past and perfect forms, the subjunctive, comparison, and basic clause linking in dependency order.
A2 Path: Everyday CommunicationA2 — Turn A2 grammar into practical requests, shopping, health, planning, quantity, politeness, and short narrative exchanges.
B1 Path: Narrative and Clause BuildingB1 — Build coherent B1 stories by sequencing tense viewpoint, relative clauses, conditionals, reported speech, passive choices, and information structure.
B1 Path: Entering Tehran ColloquialB1 — Enter colloquial Tehran Persian through seven ordered sound-and-form mappings while retaining a complete standard system.
B2 Path: Formal Public PersianB2 — Develop formal public Persian through attribution, nominalization, modality, passive choice, honorific predicates, and annotated public texts.
B2 Path: Precision and VariationB2 — Refine clitic placement, differential object marking, complex ezafe, and Dari–Tajik recognition through controlled comparison and error diagnosis.
C1 Path: Literary and Academic StyleC1 — Sequence classical-entry grammar, rhetoric, ambiguity analysis, close reading, and polished academic composition into a practical C1 program.
C1 Path: Professional EditingC1 — Build a repeatable C1 workflow for Persian orthographic normalization, terminology control, source attribution, and style revision.
C2 Path: Classical ReadingC2 — Sequence historical verb grammar, poetic order, meter, manuscript evidence, and public-domain close reading into a rigorous C2 reading practice.
C2 Path: Near-Native Register JudgmentC2 — Develop evidence-based C2 decisions about genre, region, taʿârof, lexical layers, and editorial alternatives without claiming universal native intuition.

Adjectives

Advanced Comparison and Style

The Correlative هرچه ... ترB2 — Build proportional ‘the more …, the more/less …’ sentences with هرچه, comparative forms, and paired clauses.
Intensifying Reduplication سیاهِ سیاهB2 — Use ezâfe-linked adjective repetition to express an emphatic, often absolute degree in modern Persian.
Adjective Ordering in Long Ezâfe ChainsB2 — Order classifying, descriptive, evaluative, and possessive modifiers in long Persian ezâfe chains without obscuring their attachment.
Prenominal Literary AdjectivesB2 — Recognize fixed compounds, poetic adjective inversion, and Arabic-influenced prenominal patterns without overgeneralizing them to modern Persian prose.
Substantivized AdjectivesC1 — Use Persian adjectives as noun-phrase heads for recoverable objects, human groups, and abstract concepts.
Scalar, Absolute, and Classifying AdjectivesC1 — Distinguish adjectives that naturally grade, adjectives with endpoints, and category labels, then recognize when context coerces a new scalar reading.
Adjective Complements and ValencyC1 — Learn adjective-specific complements such as خوشحال از, آماده‌ی, and وابسته به, including noun and clause complements and their placement.

Core Adjective Grammar

Adjectives after Nouns with EzâfeA1 — Build neutral Persian attributive phrases with the noun first, an audible ezâfe linker, and one or more following adjectives.
Predicative Adjectives and the CopulaA1 — Say that someone or something is adjective with no ezâfe, using standard, enclitic, negative, and colloquial copula forms.
Adjectives Do Not AgreeA2 — Use one invariant Persian adjective with masculine or feminine people, singular or plural nouns, and all pronoun referents.
Basic Comparative with تر and ازA2 — Build Persian comparatives with the suffix ـتر, introduce the comparison standard with از, and use the result in predicates and noun phrases.
Superlative with ترینA2 — Form Persian superlatives with ـترین, place them before nouns, identify the comparison set, and use از همه ... ـتر as a natural predicate alternative.
Irregular بهتر and بیشترA2 — Use lexicalized بهتر and بیشتر for better and more, form بهترین and بیشترین, and avoid misleading regular or doubled forms.
Equatives with مثل and به اندازه‌یA2 — Distinguish broad similarity with مثل from equal degree with به اندازه‌ی, including adjective placement and negative equatives.
Degree Words خیلی، بسیار، کمی، کاملاًA2 — Place خیلی, بسیار, کمی, and کاملا before adjectives, choose their register and scale meaning, and distinguish adjective degree from event modification.

Meaning and Use

Attributive versus Predicative Meaning ShiftsB1 — Choose between an adjective inside an ezâfe noun phrase and an adjective asserted as a predicate, including shifts in classification, state, and discourse focus.
Participial AdjectivesB1 — Recognize Persian adjectives derived from past and present verb stems, and distinguish result states from passive events and lexicalized meanings.
Relational Adjectives in یB1 — Form and interpret ی adjectives that classify nouns by nationality, institution, field, material, or another relation rather than by a simple quality.
Color Adjectives and IntensificationB1 — Use Persian color adjectives attributively and predicatively, refine shades with روشن and تیره, and distinguish degree words from expressive repetition.
Compound AdjectivesB1 — Recognize productive Persian compound adjectives, interpret noun-plus-stem and possessive meanings, and place the compound correctly in ezâfe phrases.

Adverbs

Advanced Adverbial Structure

Manner Phrases with به طورB1 — Build and interpret formal به‌طورِ phrases such as به‌طور کلی, به‌طور جدی, and به‌طور رسمی without overusing them for every English -ly adverb.
Reduplicated AdverbialsB1 — Use and spell rhythmic adverbials such as کم‌کم, یکی‌یکی, and قدم‌به‌قدم to express gradual change, distributive events, and ordered progression.
Adverbial Participles and Detached PhrasesB2 — Compress background circumstances in Persian with با-phrases, در حالی که clauses, detached predicates, and participial modifiers while keeping subject reference clear.
Sentence Adverbs and Evidential StanceC1 — Use ظاهرا، احتمالا، قطعا, and خوشبختانه to mark evidence, probability, certainty, and evaluation while controlling their scope and position.

Core Adverbs

Time and Frequency AdverbsA1 — Place امروز, فردا, همیشه, گاهی, and معمولا naturally and match them to the intended time and frequency.
Degree and Manner WordsA1 — Use خیلی and کمی for degree, and خوب, بد, and سریع for manner, with natural Persian placement and focus.
Place and Direction AdverbsA2 — Use اینجا, آنجا, بالا, پایین, and بیرون for location and movement, and expand them naturally with Persian prepositions.
Adverbs in اًA2 — Use lexicalized Persian adverbs such as حتماً, معمولاً, and اصلاً with their Iranian pronunciation, natural clause position, register, and polarity effects.
هنوز، دیگر، تازه، قبلاًA2 — Locate events relative to an expected change with هنوز and دیگر, a recent boundary with تازه, and an earlier reference time with قبلاً.
هم as Additive and Focus ParticleA2 — Place هم beside the constituent it associates with to express ‘also,’ ‘too,’ or a contextually scalar ‘even.’

Annotated Texts

B2 Public Writing

Original News Report PasticheB2 — Analyze an original Persian news report for headline ellipsis, attribution, passive and active choices, evidential perfects, and report-style inversion.
Original Academic ParagraphB2 — Analyze an original academic paragraph for nominalization, complex prepositions, stance, ezafe density, and clarity-preserving revision.
Public-Domain Ferdowsi: A Narrative PassageB2 — Read Rostam’s challenge to Ashkbus in the Shahnameh through epic word order, archaic forms, proper names, dialogue, and meter-aware glossing.
Public-Domain Constitutional ProseB2 — Read two articles from Iran’s 1907 Supplementary Fundamental Laws through legal noun phrases, impersonal modality, and historically layered vocabulary.

C1 Literary Close Readings

Public-Domain Hafez: One Ghazal PassageC1 — Close-read the opening of Hafez’s Ghazal 184 through invisible ezafe, layered metaphor, compressed syntax, and defensible translation choices.
Public-Domain Saadi: Golestan Prose and VerseC1 — Read the opening of Saadi’s Golestan as balanced rhymed prose that turns into verse, with ellipsis, parallel clauses, and an aphoristic question.
Public-Domain Beyhaqi: Historical ProseC1 — Unpack Beyhaqi’s opening to the Hasanak episode through periodic syntax, court titles, chained clauses, and the historian’s self-conscious stance.
Public-Domain Rumi: Masnavi Argument and StoryC1 — Follow Rumi’s elephant-in-the-dark episode as narration becomes argument through shifting connectors, sensory vocabulary, meter, and allegory.

C2 Philological Readings

Public-Domain Shahnameh: Manuscript-Aware Close ReadingC2 — Read a short Shahnameh passage while separating poetic syntax, historical word readings, editorial punctuation, and genuine textual variation.
Public-Domain Qabusnameh or Chahar Maqala ProseC2 — Read the Qabusnameh preface through its long complement chains, historical vocabulary, supplied punctuation, and responsible modern translation.

Intermediate Speech and Narrative

Original Tehran Dialogue: Weekend PlansB1 — Read an original, consistently colloquial Tehran exchange about making, adjusting, and confirming weekend plans.
Original Voice Messages: Running LateB1 — Follow an original Tehran voice-message exchange that combines delay notices, apologies, clitics, future plans, and question tags.
Original Travel Diary PasticheB1 — Read an original modern-literary travel diary that layers foreground past, background imperfective, past perfect, inferential perfect, and descriptive ezâfe.
Traditional Molla Nasreddin TaleB1 — Read an explicitly adapted lost-key tale from the Molla Nasreddin tradition, with dialogue, reported speech, clitics, and punchline ellipsis.
Public-Domain Saadi: A Golestan AnecdoteB1 — Read and modernize Saadi's shipboard anecdote about hardship and safety, with classical connectors, argument marking, and a moral conclusion.
Public-Domain Rumi: A Short FableB1 — Read the opening of Rumi’s merchant-and-parrot fable through its narrative chaining, dialogue, classical word order, and allegorical frame.
Traditional Iranian FolktaleB1 — Read a normalized course adaptation of Kadu Qelqele-zan through its formulaic opening, repetition, simple-past chain, and direct speech.

Original Beginner Dialogues

Original Dialogue: Meeting a New ClassmateA1 — Read an original beginner dialogue that moves naturally from polite شما to friendly تو while practicing names, origin, copulas, and pro-drop.
Original Dialogue: Ordering Tea at a CaféA1 — Read an original A1 café exchange and unpack polite requests, counters, داشتن, prices, thanks, and conversational register.
Original Dialogue: Asking Where the Metro IsA1 — Follow an original A1 directions exchange using کجا, spatial phrases, هستن, polite imperatives, and clarification questions.
Original Text: My Daily RoutineA2 — Read an original A2 routine and annotate habitual present forms, time phrases, compound verbs, objects, and coordination.
Original Dialogue: Shopping for FruitA2 — Read an original A2 market exchange using numbers, singular counted nouns, چند تا, را, unit prices, totals, and offers.
Original Messages: Planning a VisitA2 — Read an original A2 chat arranging a visit through future-time presents, invitations, acceptance, time negotiation, and a polite refusal.
Original Dialogue: At the DoctorA2 — Read an original A2 medical exchange using body-part clitics, pain expressions, duration, باید, and practical treatment instructions.
Original Story: Yesterday's TripA2 — Follow an original A2 day-trip narrative that alternates simple past events with می‌ past background, temporal connectors, and natural subject omission.
Public-Domain Proverb: قطره قطره جمع گرددA2 — Read the traditional proverb قطره قطره جمع گردد، وانگهی دریا شود through its distributive repetition, literary present forms, compact order, and accumulation metaphor.
Public-Domain Saadi: بنی‌آدمA2 — Read Saadi’s verified بنی‌آدم passage through ezafe, collective reference, joined copulas, literary word order, and its ethical appeal.
Public-Domain Khayyam: A Simple RubaiA2 — Read a spring rubai traditionally attributed to Khayyam through poetic word order, imperatives, free-relative گویی, metaphorical ezafe, and meter-aware translation.

Choosing

Advanced Decisions

Simple Verb or Compound Verb?B2 — Choose a Persian simple verb or compound predicate by frequency, collocation, argument structure, aspect, and register rather than by English gloss.
Persian-Derived or Arabic-Derived Formal Vocabulary?C1 — Choose formal Persian vocabulary by audience, established collocation, transparency, and precision rather than by a purist origin test.
Nominalization or Finite Clause?C1 — Choose between compact Persian event nouns and finite clauses according to actor visibility, chronology, readability, and rhetorical stance.

Core Decisions

بودن or هستن?A1 — Choose the right Persian form of ‘be’ for identity, property, location, existence, emphasis, negation, and non-present contexts.
یک or Indefinite ی?A1 — Choose یک, indefinite ـی, both, or neither according to counting, discourse introduction, specificity, and register.
را or No را?A2 — Choose object marker را according to grammatical role, identifiability, specificity, animacy, discourse status, and register.
Possessive Clitic or Ezâfe Pronoun?A2 — Choose between compact possessive clitics such as کتابم and full ezâfe phrases such as کتاب من according to focus, contrast, rhythm, and register.
Simple Past or Present Perfect?A2 — Choose the Persian simple past for a completed narrative event and the present perfect for current relevance, experience, fresh evidence, or a continuing result.
Present, قرار است, or خواهد for the Future?A2 — Choose the futurate present, قرار است, or the خواهد future according to arrangement, planning source, expectation, prediction, and register.
کردن or شدن?A2 — Choose کردن for caused action and شدن for an undergone change or passive-like event by tracking the grammatical role of the subject.

Intermediate Decisions

Indicative or Subjunctive after Modals?B1 — Choose Persian mood after expressions of certainty, possibility, desire, and obligation by deciding whether the embedded event is asserted or merely projected.
Infinitive or اینکه Clause?B1 — Choose a compact Persian long infinitive for a noun-like event and an اینکه clause when subject, tense, polarity, or stance needs finite expression.
Independent Pronoun or Enclitic Object?B1 — Choose between full object pronouns with را and compact enclitics according to contrast, accessibility, host clarity, register, and sentence rhythm.
Active, Passive, or Generic Third Plural?B1 — Choose an explicit active, a شدن passive, or a subjectless third-plural active according to agent relevance, responsibility, register, and information structure.
Relative Antecedent ی or Indefinite ی?B1 — Parse Persian ـی by deciding whether it introduces an indefinite referent, supports a following relative clause, or does both at once.
چون، زیرا، or به دلیل?B2 — Choose among چون, زیرا, and به دلیل by matching clause type, register, information structure, and punctuation.

Common Mistakes

Advanced Errors

Mixing Written and Colloquial Forms in One SentenceB2 — Build register-consistent Persian clauses by coordinating stems, endings, copulas, object markers, pronouns, and function words.
Writing می and ها without ZWNJB2 — Correct missing, replaced, or misplaced ZWNJ at Persian verbal prefixes, plural suffixes, ezâfe forms, compounds, and colloquial boundaries.
Using a Passive Where Persian Uses an ActiveC1 — Replace English-driven passives with explicit active agents, arbitrary third-plural clauses, or anticausatives when Persian discourse favors them.
Treating the Present Perfect as English Have plus ParticipleC1 — Correct English-driven perfect forms by using the Persian past participle with present copular endings and choosing it by viewpoint, result, and evidence.
Overloading Prose with Arabic NominalizationsC1 — Edit dense formal Persian by keeping useful Arabic-origin terms while restoring clear actors, finite verbs, precise relations, and audience-appropriate register.
Modernizing Classical Text into a Different MeaningC2 — Modernize classical Persian responsibly by separating transcription, normalization, interpretation, and paraphrase while preserving morphology, syntax, meter, and variants.

Foundational Errors

Reading and Typing Persian Left to RightA1 — Correct left-to-right transfer by separating Persian logical input order from visual display, cursor movement, number direction, punctuation, and half-spaces.
Using Arabic ك and ي instead of Persian ک and یA1 — Diagnose visually similar Arabic and Persian Unicode letters, repair mixed text, and prevent search, grading, sorting, and ZWNJ failures.
Writing Every Short VowelA2 — Learn why normal Persian omits short-vowel signs, when selective pointing is useful, and how context and spokenForm supply pronunciation without overloading the script.
Forgetting EzâfeA2 — Repair missing ezâfe in noun–adjective, possessive, and longer noun phrases by hearing each link and writing it only where Persian orthography requires.
Putting Adjectives before NounsA2 — Correct English-style adjective order by building Persian noun phrases head-first with ezâfe, while recognizing predicates and genuine prenominal exceptions.
Adding English ArticlesA2 — Stop translating a, an, and the word for word by choosing Persian bare nouns, یک, indefinite ی, demonstratives, and را from discourse meaning.
Pluralizing Nouns after NumbersA2 — Correct English-style plural marking after Persian numerals while preserving counters, measures, adjective order, and meaning-based verb agreement.
Treating او as MasculineA2 — Correct masculine-default readings of او by using context, singular agreement, possessive reference, and explicit names without inventing gendered Persian forms.
Using تو with Every Singular YouA2 — Choose intimate تو or polite singular شما by relationship and setting, maintain matching agreement, and repair overly familiar address.

Verb and Clause Errors

Using an Infinitive as a Finite VerbB1 — Correct English bare-verb transfer by distinguishing Persian citation forms from finite verbs built with the appropriate stem, tense marker, and personal ending.
Guessing the Wrong Present StemB1 — Diagnose wrong Persian present stems by separating lexical stem choice from tense endings, prefixes, compounds, and spelling.
Misplacing می‌، نمی‌، and بB1 — Correct the position and spelling of Persian imperfective, negative, and subjunctive prefixes in simple, compound, and preverb-bearing verbs.
Conjugating Both Parts of a Compound VerbB1 — Correct Persian compound verbs by keeping the nonverbal element stable and inflecting only the light verb while preserving lexical meaning and argument structure.
Using را after Every ObjectB1 — Correct overuse of Persian را by distinguishing identifiable and specific direct objects from bare, nonspecific, incorporated, and non-object phrases.
Using English SVO as the Only OrderB1 — Correct rigid English-style word order by starting from neutral Persian SOV and recognizing clitics, heavy clauses, topics, focus, and marked scrambling.
Backshifting Every Reported VerbB2 — Correct English-style automatic backshift by choosing Persian reported-clause tense from real time, viewpoint, deixis, and evidence.

Complex Grammar

B2 Layered Constructions

Perception plus را and کهB2 — Parse and build Persian perception constructions in which a را-marked participant is perceived during the event expressed by a finite که clause.
Complex Differential Object MarkingB2 — Track Persian را through specific indefinites, relative-clause antecedents, embedded clauses, and discourse shifts where no single English article predicts its use.
Possessive Relatives and ResumptionB2 — Express English whose-relations with a Persian possessive clitic or formal independent possessor inside the که clause, including nested and potentially ambiguous structures.
Absolute and Detached ParticiplesB2 — Recognize Persian past participles detached from a finite clause, distinguish shared from independent subjects, and choose natural finite paraphrases by register.
Multiple Complementizers and Recursive کهB2 — Parse repeated Persian که by locating each clause boundary, selecting predicate, and relative head in embedded speech, evaluation, and complex noun phrases.
Nominalization instead of SubordinationB2 — Learn how formal Persian packages subordinate events as verbal nouns, ezâfe phrases, and passive institutional predicates—and when to restore a finite clause.

C1-C2 Mastery

Scope Reconstruction under ScramblingC1 — Interpret quantifiers, negation, and modals when Persian word order changes, separating observable readings from competing reconstruction analyses.
Logophoricity in Reported ThoughtC1 — Track whose voice, knowledge, or perspective anchors خود, omitted subjects, and third-person pronouns across Persian reports and narratives.
Event Structure in Light-Verb AlternationsC1 — Analyze how Persian light-verb choices jointly encode causation, change, agency, duration, and event endpoints.
Grammaticalization Paths in Modern PersianC1 — Trace how را، می، داشتن، خواستن, and شدن developed layered grammatical functions while retaining older lexical or discourse uses.
Classical Relative and Complement ConstructionsC2 — Decode classical که, کآن, آنک, کو, resumptives, and correlative word order without imposing modern prose structure.
Philological Parsing of Syntactically Ambiguous VerseC2 — Use meter, syntax, lexical valency, manuscript evidence, and editorial history to compare competing parses of classical Persian verse.

Entry Points

Experiencer ConstructionsA2 — Choose among Persian clitic-experiencer, canonical-subject, transitive, and body-part constructions by tracking experiencer, stimulus, event, and agreement roles.
Relative Clauses with Resumptive PronounsA2 — Learn when a Persian relative clause leaves a gap and when it must repeat the head noun's role with a pronoun or enclitic.
Impersonal Modal ConstructionsA2 — Use می‌شود، می‌توان، باید, and لازم است to express possibility, obligation, and permission without an ordinary overt subject.

Intermediate Architecture

Clefts with این ... است کهB1 — Build Persian clefts that place one constituent in focus and present the rest of the message as shared background.
Pseudo-Clefts with آنچهB1 — Use an آنچه free relative to establish an open slot and identify its focused value in a Persian pseudo-cleft.
Clause Chaining without Repeated SubjectsB1 — Keep one Persian participant active across coordinated and participial clauses without repeating subject pronouns, while preventing reference and tense ambiguity.
Control and Subject SharingB1 — Relate the understood subject of Persian subjunctive complements to wanting, trying, deciding, and requesting participants without copying English infinitives.
Raising-Like Expressions به نظر رسیدنB1 — Use به نظر رسیدن in impersonal clauses, agreeing property predicates, and cautious raising-like patterns while keeping evaluator and apparent subject distinct.
Long-Distance Reflexive خودB1 — Interpret indexed خود across Persian clause boundaries by combining locality, person-number matching, reported perspective, and explicit ambiguity repair.
Noncanonical Subjects and DativesB1 — Map Persian experiencers, affected possessors, recipients, and modal participants when semantic prominence does not match ordinary subject agreement.

Conjunctions and Clauses

Advanced Linking

Not Only but Also: نه تنها ... بلکهB2 — Build balanced Persian نه‌تنها ... بلکه structures across phrases and clauses, with correct verb sharing, punctuation, and additive هم or نیز.
Result Clauses with آن‌قدر and چنانB2 — Express degree and its factual consequence with آن‌قدر ... که, quantifier patterns, and formal or literary چنان.
Whether-Or with چه ... چه and خواه ... خواهC1 — Present exhaustive alternatives with neutral چه ... چه and formal خواه ... خواه, especially when the result remains unchanged whichever alternative holds.
Concessive Free-Choice ClausesC1 — Use هرقدر هم که, هرکس هم که, and related frames to say that a result holds across every possible degree, person, thing, place, or manner.
Supposition with فرض کنیم and به فرض اینکهC1 — Stage a hypothesis for discussion with فرض کنیم, به فرض اینکه, and related academic frames without presenting it as fact.

Classical Clause Linking

Classical چون، چو، گر، ور، لیکC2 — Read the polysemous and metrically compact clause linkers چون، چو، گر، ور، and لیک in classical Persian and map them to precise modern equivalents.

Coordination and Basic Complements

Coordination with و، یا، اما، ولیA1 — Join Persian words, phrases, and clauses with و، یا، اما، and ولی while choosing natural pronunciation, punctuation, and shared structure.
Reason with چون and Purpose with تاA1 — Distinguish factual reasons with چون from intended purposes with تا, using the indicative and subjunctive naturally in Persian.
Complementizer کهA2 — Link speech, thought, desire, and evaluation predicates to finite Persian content clauses with که and the appropriate mood.
Time Clauses with وقتی کهA2 — Connect simultaneous, sequential, habitual, and future events with وقتی که while choosing tense from the intended timeline.
Before and After ClausesA2 — Sequence Persian events with قبل از اینکه and بعد از اینکه, choosing finite clauses or infinitive alternatives according to subject and viewpoint.
Until and So That with تاA2 — Distinguish temporal endpoint and purpose clauses with تا through mood, negation, word order, and discourse context.
Basic Relative Clauses with کهA2 — Build basic Persian subject and object relative clauses after a noun with که, antecedent ـی, gaps, and invariant linking.

Intermediate Clause Relations

Concession with اگرچه and با اینکهB1 — Link a real obstacle to an unexpected result with اگرچه or با اینکه, while controlling register, clause order, mood, and optional ولی.
Correlatives هم ... هم، یا ... یا، نه ... نهB1 — Coordinate parallel Persian phrases and clauses with both–and, either–or, and neither–nor pairs while controlling scope and agreement.
As Soon As: همین که and به محض اینکهB1 — Express immediate sequence with neutral همین که and formal به محض اینکه while choosing tense and mood for past and future events.
As Long As and Until: تا وقتی کهB1 — Use تا وقتی که for a continuing duration condition or an endpoint, with the correct negation, mood, tense, and clause order.
Provision with به شرطی که and در صورتی کهB1 — State negotiated requirements and formal contingencies with به شرطی که and در صورتی که, choosing mood according to whether the condition is open or factual.
Unless and Otherwise: مگر اینکه and وگرنهB1 — Use مگر اینکه to state an exception condition and وگرنه to state the consequence if a preceding requirement is not met.
As If with انگار and گوییB1 — Compare conversational انگار and literary گویی for appearance and as-if clauses, including evidential distance and indicative–subjunctive choices.
Free Relatives with هرB2 — Build Persian ‘whoever,’ ‘whatever,’ and ‘wherever’ expressions with هر کس، هرچه، and هرجا, including free-choice readings and object marking.
Relative Clauses of Time and PlaceB2 — Identify times and places with زمانی که and جایی که, and choose gaps or resumptive در آن forms according to the antecedent.

Countries and Culture

Language in Society

Iran and the Name FarsiA1 — Use فارسی, Persian, Farsi, ایرانی, and فارسی‌زبان accurately while recognizing Iran as a multilingual society.
Calendar Life in Iran: Nowruz and Dual DatingA2 — Understand how Nowruz, the Solar Hijri year, and Gregorian dates organize everyday and institutional communication in Iran.
Names, Surnames, and Titles in IranA2 — Use Iranian given names, family names, آقا, خانم, and professional titles appropriately in forms, reference, and direct address.
Taʿârof in Shops, Homes, and InvitationsA2 — Recognize ritual offers and refusals, judge sincerity cues, and respond safely in Iranian shops, homes, and invitations.
Afghanistan and DariB1 — Understand the name Dari, its shared Persian heritage, and why an Iranian Persian course labels Afghan forms without treating them as errors.
Tajikistan and TajikB1 — Understand Tajik as a standardized Persian variety in Cyrillic, with shared grammar, distinct history, and important transliteration limits.
Persian in the Diaspora and Digital LifeB2 — Understand how script choice, Pinglish, code-switching, heritage-language profiles, and standard-writing expectations interact in Persian digital life.
The Persianate Literary SphereC1 — Trace how Persian literary practice connected Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and South Asia while remaining multilingual and distinct from modern national standards.

Determiners and Quantifiers

Advanced Determination

Specificity across یک، ی، and راB2 — Understand how Persian یک, indefinite ی, bare nouns, discourse, and object marker را divide indefiniteness from specificity.
چنین and چنان for SuchB2 — Use prenominal چنین and literary or degree-oriented چنان, then choose natural colloquial alternatives without misplacing ezâfe.
هرگونه، هرچه، and Free-Choice DeterminationC1 — How Persian expresses any kind of, whatever, and unrestricted choice with هرگونه, هرچه, and related formal determiners.
Definiteness without an ArticleC1 — How Persian distributes definiteness across context, demonstratives, possessors, word order, topicality, and object marker را.

Quantifier Systems

Much and Many: زیاد، خیلی، بسیاریB1 — Choose among زیاد, خیلی, and بسیاری by syntax, register, and whether a quantity is presented as a new amount or a subset of a known group.
Few and Little: کم، اندک، معدودB1 — Express small quantity with کم, اندک, and معدود while controlling count syntax, scalar implication, and formal register.
Partitives with ازB1 — Build Persian partitives such as بعضی از and یکی از, choose a delimited whole, and control agreement, را, and pronominal clitics.
Counting Words تا and نفرB1 — Use optional general counter تا and human counter نفر while keeping counted Persian nouns singular and register-appropriate.
Measure Phrases without a General ClassifierB1 — Build Persian quantity phrases such as دو کیلو برنج and distinguish direct measures from ordinary ezâfe relations such as ظرف آب.
Approximate and Vague QuantifiersB2 — Place حدود, تقریبا, نزدیک به, and چندین accurately while controlling their scope over Persian numbers and noun phrases.

Reference and Quantity

Demonstratives این and آنA1 — Use invariant این and آن before singular and plural nouns, and distinguish their determiner and standalone pronoun functions.
Indefiniteness with یک and یA1 — How Persian introduces one or an indefinite referent with یک, suffix ـی, both together, or no article-like marking at all.
Plural Demonstratives این‌ها and آن‌هاA2 — Use این‌ها and آن‌ها as plural pronouns while keeping noun-modifying این and آن unchanged before plural or counted nouns.
هر with Singular NounsA2 — Use هر with a singular noun for every, each, and distributive readings, including its scope under negation.
همه with Plural and Collective NounsA2 — Use همه‌ی before plural, collective, and whole-denoting nouns, or همه alone for everyone and everything in context.
بعضی and چند for Indefinite QuantityA2 — Distinguish بعضی ‘some’ from چند ‘a few/how many,’ including noun number, partitives with از, and interrogative context.
هیچ and Negative PolarityA2 — Use هیچ for no and any readings under negation, in questions, and in other non-assertive environments without confusing it with free-choice هر.
دیگر for Other, Another, and AnymoreA2 — Place دیگر before or after nouns for other and another, and use adverbial دیگر or colloquial دیگه for no longer and anymore.

Discourse Markers

Conversation and Sequencing

خب، پس، حالاA1 — Use خب، پس, and حالا to open turns, draw conversational conclusions, and move a discussion to its next topic.
البته and مثلاًA2 — Use البته to confirm or qualify a claim and مثلا to introduce examples, hypothetical cases, and illustrative choices with clear scope.
یعنیA2 — Use یعنی to define, reformulate, repair, interpret another speaker’s words, and manage hesitation without confusing these discourse functions.
بالاخرهA2 — Use بالاخره for an eventual outcome, an impatient demand for closure, or a speaker’s bottom-line summary.
در ضمن and به علاوهB1 — Distinguish conversational topic addition with در ضمن from cumulative argumentation with به علاوه.
در نتیجه and بنابراینB1 — Choose در نتیجه for an ensuing outcome and بنابراین for a warranted conclusion, with appropriate causal strength and register.
به عبارت دیگرB1 — Use به عبارت دیگر to restate, clarify, or simplify the same claim without accidentally adding a cause, result, or new argument.
با این حال and از طرف دیگرB1 — Distinguish concession with بااین‌حال from a contrasting perspective introduced by از طرف دیگر.

Formal Organization and Stance

در واقع and در حقیقتB2 — Use در واقع and در حقیقت to correct an assumption, emphasize an underlying reality, and calibrate the strength and register of a truth claim.
به هر حال and در هر صورتB2 — Use به هر حال and در هر صورت to resume the main line, concede a complication, or close a decision across competing possibilities.
اولاً، ثانیاً، سرانجامC1 — Enumerate and conclude formal arguments with اولاً, ثانیاً, and سرانجام while preserving tanvin spelling, parallel structure, and clear punctuation.
از یک سو ... از سوی دیگرC1 — Balance two perspectives in formal and academic Persian with از یک سو ... از سوی دیگر, parallel clauses, and controlled contrast.

Exclamations

Forms and Force

Basic Interjections and Exclamatory IntonationA1 — Use وای، آخ، آفرین, and به‌به with the pitch, punctuation, emotional force, and register expected in Iranian Persian.
Exclamative چهA2 — Build Persian exclamations with چه خوب، چه کتاب خوبی, and related adjective, noun, clause, and rhetorical patterns.
Religious and Conventional ExclamationsB1 — Interpret and use خدا را شکر، ان‌شاءالله، ماشاالله, and یا خدا according to their conventional Iranian Persian functions and social contexts.
Literary Vocatives with ای and اB2 — Recognize and use ای دوست، خدایا, suffixal ـا, and related literary or ceremonial vocatives without inventing an Arabic case system.

Expressions and Collocations

Advanced Phraseology

Academic Lexical BundlesB2 — Use با توجه به, بر اساس, در مقایسه با, از این رو, and مورد بررسی as controlled bundles for evidence, comparison, inference, and research procedure.
Taʿârof Formula FamiliesC1 — Interpret قابل ندارد, اختیار دارید, زحمت کشیدید, and بفرمایید through their literal meanings, interactional scripts, and safe responses.
Proverbs as Elliptical GrammarC1 — Read Persian proverbs through verbless clauses, generic subjects, fixed imperatives, parallelism, rhyme, and their nonliteral conversational force.
Classical Allusions in Modern UsageC2 — Recognize and reuse shortened echoes of Hafez, Saadi, Ferdowsi, and Qurʾanic language with accurate attribution, register, and grammatical integration.

Everyday Frames

Greetings and IntroductionsA1 — Use سلام, خوش آمدید, name and origin frames, حال شما, and their expected replies as complete Iranian Persian interactional chunks.
Thanks, Apologies, and CourtesyA1 — Place خیلی ممنون, خواهش می‌کنم, ببخشید, and لطفا in natural request, response, apology, and repair sequences.
Age, Birth, and Life EventsA1 — Ask and state age, describe birth, and give Iranian calendar dates with the conventional Persian frames used in everyday life.
Daily Routine CompoundsA2 — Build natural daily schedules with بیدار شدن, صبحانه خوردن, کار کردن, استراحت کردن, and خوابیدن across habitual and past narration.
Likes, Dislikes, and PreferencesA2 — Choose among دوست داشتن, خوشم آمدن, بدم آمدن, and ترجیح دادن while controlling objects, experiencer clitics, and preference complements.
Needs, Ability, and PermissionA2 — Distinguish نیاز داشتن, لازم بودن, بلد بودن, توانستن, and اجازه داشتن by meaning, experiencer, complement type, and register.
Time and Duration FramesA2 — Place events on the clock, delimit intervals with از ... تا, and distinguish ongoing چند وقت است from event-duration طول کشیدن.
Shopping and PricesA2 — Use natural Iranian Persian chunks for asking prices, quantities, unit prices, discounts, and polite purchase decisions.
Health and Body StatesA2 — Describe temperature, pain, colds, general condition, and symptoms with natural Persian experiencer and body-part frames.

High-Value Collocational Families

Compounds with کردنB1 — Learn high-value کردن compounds as complete predicates with their own transitivity, complements, and register.
Compounds with شدنB1 — Learn common شدن compounds as lexical changes of state, with the changing participant as subject and predictable complement frames.
Compounds with دادنB1 — Use high-frequency دادن compounds with the correct object, recipient, clause complement, clitic host, and register.
Compounds with گرفتنB1 — Use تصمیم گرفتن, اجازه گرفتن, دوش گرفتن, درد گرفتن, یاد گرفتن, and شکل گرفتن with their characteristic participants, complements, and aspect.
Compounds with داشتنB1 — Use دوست داشتن, نیاز داشتن, حق داشتن, خبر داشتن, اهمیت داشتن, ارزش داشتن, and امکان داشتن as stative predicates with their characteristic complements.
Opinion and Argument FramesB2 — Build calibrated Persian arguments with به نظر من, موافق and مخالف بودن, نشان دادن, دلیل آوردن, که clauses, and purposeful hedging.
Cause, Effect, and Change FramesB2 — Express causation and change with تأثیر گذاشتن, باعث شدن, به وجود آمدن, تغییر دادن, and در نتیجه while keeping participant roles explicit.

Ezâfe and Possession

Advanced Ezâfe

Ezâfe with Comparative and Superlative PhrasesB2 — Place postnominal comparatives and prenominal superlatives correctly, and track ezâfe scope through complements and possessors.
Ezâfe with Verbal Nouns and ObjectsB2 — How Persian verbal nouns link to objects and agents, why unpointed phrases become ambiguous, and when finite clauses are clearer.
Explanatory EzâfeB2 — Use ezâfe to identify a class member, name a person or place, and classify material or type without misreading every link as possession.
Metaphorical and Poetic EzâfeC1 — Interpret and create ezâfe phrases that compress metaphor, comparison, personification, and classical poetic imagery.
Ezâfe Ellipsis and Shared ModifiersC1 — Control ezâfe across coordinated nouns and adjectives, recognize shared scope, and edit ambiguous ellipsis in formal prose.
Ezâfe Chains in Academic and Bureaucratic ProseC1 — Parse, vocalize, and revise the five-plus-link ezâfe chains common in Persian research, policy, and administrative writing.
Historical Izâfa Orthography and Modern Editorial PracticeC2 — Read historical ezâfe spellings, distinguish miniature yeh from hamza, and choose between diplomatic quotation and modern normalization.

Ezâfe Foundations

Ezâfe: The Invisible LinkerA1 — Learn the normally unwritten -e or -ye sound that connects a Persian noun to its adjectives, possessors, names, and other dependents.
Noun plus Adjective with EzâfeA1 — Build Persian noun phrases with postnominal adjectives, one audible ezâfe link at each internal boundary, and no agreement endings.
Possessor Nouns and Pronouns with EzâfeA1 — Express possession with the possessed noun first, an ezâfe link, and a following noun or independent pronoun.
Ezâfe after Vowels: -yeA2 — Learn why vowel-final Persian words take the ezâfe form -ye, when ی is written, and when the linker remains invisible.
Ezâfe after Silent He: ه‌یA2 — Master the standard ه‌ی spelling, its -ye pronunciation, and the contrast between silent final he and consonantal h.
Building Two- and Three-Link Ezâfe ChainsA2 — Build natural Persian noun phrases with successive adjectives and possessors while keeping attachment and word order clear.
Predicative versus Attributive AdjectivesA2 — Distinguish adjectives linked inside a noun phrase by ezâfe from adjectives that form a clause with the Persian copula.
Names and Titles with EzâfeA2 — Use ezâfe accurately with آقا, خانم, personal names, professional titles, honorifics, and appositive naming.

Possessive Strategies

Possessive Enclitics: م ت ش مان تان شانA2 — Form and use the six Persian possessive clitics to express my, your, and their relationships compactly on a noun.
Possessive Enclitics after Vowels and HeA2 — Attach Persian possessive clitics correctly after silent he, final â or u, final i, and plural -hâ.
Independent Pronoun versus Possessive CliticB1 — Choose between کتاب من and کتابم according to emphasis, contrast, phrase weight, and discourse rhythm.
Predicate Possession with مالB1 — Use مال with independent pronouns, names, clitics, and the copula to say that something is mine, yours, or associated with a source.
Having with داشتن versus Possessive PredicatesB1 — Choose among داشتن, مال ... بودن, and پیش ... بودن for possession, ownership, availability, and temporary custody.
Body Parts and Inalienable PossessionB1 — How Persian normally tracks body-part owners with possessive clitics, reflexive خود, body-state idioms, and explicit ezâfe phrases.
Nested Possession and ScopeB1 — Parse and build multi-owner ezâfe chains, place possessive clitics at the right edge, and repair genuinely ambiguous scope.

Light Verb Constructions

Advanced Lexicon and History

Degrees of Lexicalization in Compound VerbsC1 — Analyze Persian compound verbs on a continuum from transparent combinations to fixed idioms using meaning, stress, syntactic mobility, and dictionary behavior.
Historical Expansion of the Light-Verb SystemC1 — Trace how Persian expanded noun- and adjective-plus-verb predicates through internal development, language contact, lexical replacement, and modern coinage.
Philological Analysis of Discontinuous PredicatesC2 — Analyze separated predicate pieces in classical and manuscript Persian through syntax, semantics, parallel contexts, and cautious editorial normalization.

Argument Structure and Alternations

کردن versus شدن Transitivity PairsB1 — Use کردن for caused changes and شدن for the corresponding change undergone by a subject, while recognizing passive readings and lexical gaps.
دادن versus گرفتن Perspective PairsB1 — Choose دادن or گرفتن to present an exchange from its source or recipient, and learn the accompanying object and preposition frames.
داشتن versus کردن State and ActivityB1 — Distinguish compounds that hold an ongoing state with داشتن from eventive compounds with کردن and related change-of-state predicates.
Light-Verb Choice and Meaning ChangeB1 — Understand how کردن، دادن، گرفتن، خوردن, and شدن contribute causation, acquisition, affectedness, or change without becoming interchangeable.
Clitic Placement inside Compound VerbsB1 — Place object enclitics on the nonverbal element or finite light verb while preserving their scope, prosody, spelling, and argument role.
Adverb and Focus PlacementB1 — Place adverbs and focus particles around Persian light-verb constructions while controlling scope, stress, negation, and register.
Ellipsis of a Shared Light VerbB1 — Coordinate parallel Persian compound predicates by expressing a recoverable shared light verb once, while avoiding scope and valency ambiguity.
Nominal Modification inside a CompoundB1 — Use ezâfe, adjectives, plural marking, and determiners inside Persian compound predicates while distinguishing lexical and compositional readings.
Valency Shifts through Light-Verb AlternationB2 — Track how changing a Persian light verb reorganizes causers, experiencers, affected participants, objects, and prepositional complements.

Foundations

Compound Verbs as Single Lexical PredicatesA1 — Learn why Persian noun- or adjective-plus-verb combinations function as one predicate and must be stored with their light verb and complement pattern.
Conjugating Only the Light VerbA1 — Learn how a Persian compound predicate keeps its nonverbal element stable while the light verb carries person, tense, aspect, mood, and negation.
Core Compounds with کردنA2 — Understand how کردن builds productive action and causative predicates while each compound preserves its own meaning, transitivity, and complement pattern.
Core Compounds with شدنA2 — Learn how شدن presents changes and affected participants in inchoative, anticausative, and passive-like compound predicates.
Core Compounds with داشتنA2 — Understand how داشتن forms durable states, possession-like relations, and experiencer predicates with lexically selected complements.
Core Compounds with زدنA2 — Learn the contact, speech, routine-action, and event meanings of زدن compounds, with their argument frames and lexical restrictions.
Core Compounds with دادنA2 — Understand how دادن builds causative, transfer, and communicative predicates, including their objects, recipients, clitics, and contrasts with کردن.
Core Compounds with گرفتنA2 — Learn how گرفتن builds predicates of acquisition, onset, and undertaking, with their aspectual profiles, complement frames, and lexical restrictions.
Core Compounds with خوردنA2 — Use خوردن compounds for affected participants, impacts, and involuntary events while distinguishing lexical passive-like meanings from literal eating and collision.
Compound-Verb Negation and the SubjunctiveA2 — Place نمی‌، نـ, and affirmative بـ on the light verb, preserve the nonverbal element, and distinguish main-predicate negation from embedded negative scope.
Objects and را with Compound VerbsA2 — Separate a compound verb's nonverbal element from its true direct object, then place را, complements, and clitics according to specificity and argument structure.

Productivity and Register

Borrowed Nouns as New Compound PredicatesB2 — Understand how Iranian Persian integrates borrowed technological words with کردن and شدن, including spacing, inflection, register, and acceptability.
Simple Verb versus Compound VerbB2 — Choose between a Persian simple verb and a compound-verb alternative by meaning, argument structure, frequency, and register rather than by English translation alone.
Formal Nominalization plus Light VerbB2 — Read and revise formal Persian predicates such as مورد بررسی قرار دادن and به اجرا گذاشتن while preserving their argument structure and discourse perspective.
Honorific Light-Verb SubstitutionB2 — Use فرمودن, تشریف داشتن, and عرض کردن to raise a respected addressee or lower the speaker without confusing social perspective with grammatical person.
Aspectual Light Verbs افتادن، آمدن، گرفتنC1 — Interpret Persian compounds with افتادن, آمدن, and گرفتن as lexicalized profiles of onset, emergence, suddenness, growth, or acquisition.

Negation

Advanced Negation

Double Negation for NecessityB2 — Interpret and build Persian نمی‌توانم نروم constructions, where negated ability plus a negated complement conveys unavoidable action.
Negative Raising and Polarity in Complex ClausesC1 — Distinguish matrix and embedded negation in Persian attitude clauses, including فکر نمی‌کنم, subjunctive complements, polarity licensing, and pragmatic softening.

Core Negation

Negative Present with نمی‌A1 — Choose the correct Persian negative predicate for actions, states, possession, and existence, then control which part of a present-time claim is denied.
Negative Copula نیستA1 — Choose نیست for negative identity, property, and location, and distinguish it from possessive ندارم, explicit وجود ندارد, and bureaucratic نمی‌باشد.
Negative Past and Perfect FormsA2 — Distinguish Persian نرفتم, نرفته‌ام, and نرفته بودم while placing negation correctly in simple, compound, and perfect predicates.
Negative Imperatives and SubjunctivesA2 — Distinguish direct prohibitions such as نرو from person-marked negative subjunctives such as نروی, and place نـ correctly in simple and compound verbs.
هیچ‌کس and Negative ConcordA2 — Understand how Persian licenses هیچ-expressions across a clause, assigns their scope, and changes their interpretation in questions and other nondeclarative contexts.
هنوز نه and دیگر نهA2 — Express ‘not yet’ and ‘no longer’ in Persian by combining هنوز or دیگر with the appropriate negative tense, and understand their opposite presuppositions.

Scope and Emphasis

هرگز and هیچ‌وقتB1 — Choose between Persian هرگز and هیچ‌وقت for ‘never,’ place them naturally, and combine them with verbal negation across registers.
نه ... نه and Negative CoordinationB1 — Coordinate Persian alternatives with نه ... نه, control the shared scope and verb form, and punctuate short and clause-sized pairs naturally.
Scalar یک ... هم with NegationB1 — Use یک ... هم with a negative predicate to express ‘not even one,’ including focus placement, object marking, and natural prosody.
هیچ as an Adverbial IntensifierB2 — Recognize and use adverbial هیچ for ‘not at all,’ distinguish its predicate scope from nominal هیچ, and choose a natural modern register.

Nouns

Advanced Noun Phrase

Noun Apposition and Explanatory EzâfeB2 — How Persian links titles, place types, classifications, and explanatory noun phrases—with or without ezâfe and commas.
Heavy Noun Phrases and Rightward WeightC1 — How Persian organizes long ezâfe chains, relative clauses, and appositions so complex noun phrases remain interpretable.
Lexical Number and Suppletive SetsC1 — How Persian nouns such as مردم, اطلاعات, مراسم, and پلیس package number lexically rather than through an ordinary singular–plural pairing.
Classical Oblique and Vocative RemnantsC1 — How to recognize the wider classical uses of را, the obsolete reinforcing particle مر, and the literary vocative ending ـا.

Core Noun Grammar

Nouns without Gender or CaseA1 — How Persian nouns stay unchanged for gender and syntactic role while word order, prepositions, and râ express the relationships English often marks elsewhere.
Bare Nouns and Basic ReferenceA1 — How an unmarked Persian noun can name a kind, introduce nonspecific material, or identify a contextually familiar referent.
Regular Plural with هاA2 — Form and use the productive Persian plural -hâ with people and things, standard ZWNJ spelling, and clearly labeled colloquial reduction.
Human and Formal Plurals with انA2 — Use the Persian plural -ân and its -gân and -yân shapes with human nouns, conventional animate classes, and formal written vocabulary.
Plural after Numbers and QuantifiersA2 — Why Persian keeps a counted noun singular after a number, how optional counting words fit in, and which quantifiers follow different patterns.
Inanimate Plurals and Singular Verb AgreementA2 — Why Persian often pairs an inanimate plural subject with a singular verb, and when modern usage instead highlights the members with plural agreement.
Count, Mass, and Measure NounsA2 — How Persian distinguishes countable items from substances, builds measure and container phrases, and shifts a mass noun toward portions or varieties.
Proper Names, Titles, and Place NamesA2 — How Persian identifies people and places without capitalization, links titles and naming nouns with ezâfe, and marks whole names in the sentence.
Indefinite ی on NounsA2 — How the unstressed indefinite clitic ـی selects an unspecified member or amount, changes shape after vowels, and scopes over modified noun phrases.
Generic Singulars and Generic PluralsA2 — How bare singulars and overt plurals make general statements about kinds, roles, and recurring behavior without English-style articles.

Plural and Noun Classes

Arabic Feminine Plurals in اتB1 — Recognize Persian plurals in -ât, distinguish inherited Arabic forms from Iranian extensions, and choose an appropriate modern alternative by word and register.
Plural ج in Loanwords and the جات ExtensionB1 — Understand lexical plurals in -jât, their category-reading, their variable prestige, and why they are not the default plural for new nouns.
Broken Arabic PluralsB1 — Learn high-frequency Arabic singular–plural pairs as Persian vocabulary, with their modern meanings, agreement, and formal-to-colloquial alternatives.
Double Plurals and Competing Plural FormsB1 — Distinguish redundant plural stacking from meaningful repluralization, and choose among Persian, Arabic-origin, formal, and conversational plural competitors.
Kinship Nouns and Irregular Familiar FormsB1 — Choose between standard and familiar family words, attach possessive clitics correctly, and use kinship terms naturally in reference and direct address.
Collective and Unit NounsB1 — How Persian presents a crowd, nation, group, or measured set either as one organized whole or as its individual members.
Nominalized InfinitivesB2 — How Persian long infinitives function as action nouns, retain verbal participants, and contrast with fully finite clauses.
Participles Used as NounsB2 — How Persian active and past participles become nouns for agents, affected people, results, and established lexical categories.

Numbers

Advanced Quantification

Approximation with حدود and تقریباًB1 — Place حدود and تقریبا around Persian numeral phrases while controlling ezâfe, range meaning, scope, register, and agreement.
Juxtaposed Number RangesB1 — Use ascending Persian number pairs such as دو سه and ده دوازده as compact conversational approximations without numeric و.
Multipliers and RatiosB2 — Express multiplication, proportional relations, per-rates, and percentage comparisons with برابر, نسبت, به, and در.
Decimals with ممیزC1 — Write and read Persian decimals with ممیز, preserving place value, significant zeroes, units, and formal statistical conventions.
Classical Numerals, Abjad Values, and Poetic DatesC1 — Recognize older Persian number forms, learned Arabic ordinals, Abjad letter values, manuscript notation, and poetic chronograms without treating them as productive modern counting.

Core Number Grammar

Cardinals from Zero to TwentyA1 — Read, pronounce, write, and use Persian cardinal numbers from صفر to بیست with Persian digits and singular counted nouns.
Building Tens, Hundreds, and ThousandsA1 — Build and pronounce exact Persian cardinals above twenty with linking و, irregular round numbers, and the scale words هزار and میلیون.
Numbers with NounsA1 — Combine Persian cardinals with singular counted nouns, optional counters, measures, adjectives, and meaning-based agreement.
Telling the TimeA2 — Ask and tell clock time in Iranian Persian with ساعت, minute expressions, نیم, ربع, and formal or colloquial schedules.
Dates and the Solar Hijri CalendarA2 — Form Iranian Persian dates with day–month–year order, Persian month names, cardinal or ordinal days, and clearly labeled calendar systems.
Ordinals with ام and امینA2 — Form and place Persian ordinals with postnominal or predicative ـم, prenominal ـمین, and the irregular first forms اول and اولین.
Fractions and PercentagesA2 — Express halves, productive fractions, and percentages in Iranian Persian while choosing the right denominator, partitive frame, and agreement.

Pragmatics

Advanced Social Meaning

Taʿârof as a Pragmatic SystemB2 — Interpret ritual offers, modest refusals, renewed invitations, and sincerity cues without treating Iranian taʿârof as a rigid script.
Honorific and Humble PredicatesB2 — Track whose status Persian raises or lowers through فرمودن, تشریف آوردن, عرض کردن, بنده, agreement, and institutional framing.
Evidentiality and ResponsibilityB2 — Calibrate claims with tense, گویا, ظاهرا, explicit attribution, and verification language while keeping sources and responsibility visible.
Irony, Understatement, and Polite NegationC1 — Interpret context-sensitive بد نیست, حالا, ظاهرا, ironic praise, understatement, and face-saving negative responses in Iranian Persian.
Silence, Ellipsis, and Shared KnowledgeC1 — Interpret Persian pro-drop, copula omission, fragments, unfinished clauses, and silence through recoverability, implication, repair, and social power.
Classical Politeness in Modern ReuseC2 — Interpret and use inherited Persian blessings, letter formulas, ceremonial deference, affectionate hyperbole, and ironic reuse with precise genre labels.

Everyday Interaction

Greeting, Leave-Taking, and حال شماA1 — Open and close Iranian Persian encounters naturally with سلام, حال‌پرسی sequences, register-matched replies, and timely leave-taking.
Responding to Thanks and Offers with خواهش می‌کنمA1 — Interpret and produce Persian response turns after thanks, offers, and invitations, especially the context-dependent meanings of خواهش می‌کنم.
Choosing تو and شما in Real EncountersA2 — Choose تو or شما in Iranian encounters by age, role, familiarity, institution, reciprocity, and the possibility that شما addresses one person or several.
Addressing People with آقا، خانم، جانA2 — Address people naturally in Iranian Persian by choosing titles, names, جان, and kin terms according to respect, affection, distance, and setting.
Making Requests without Sounding AbruptA2 — Soften Iranian Persian requests with polite agreement, questions, لطف, زحمت, reasons, intonation, and appropriate response formulas.
Offering and InvitingA2 — Offer food, objects, space, and invitations naturally with بفرمایید, میل دارید, بیا, دعوت کردن, tactful repetition, acceptance, and refusal.
Apologizing and RepairingA2 — Use ببخشید, معذرت می‌خواهم, clarification questions, responsibility statements, repair offers, and response formulas in Iranian Persian.

Stance and Conversation Management

Agreeing and DisagreeingB1 — Agree, qualify, and disagree in Iranian Persian with بله, درست است, موافقم, نه لزوما, reasons, hedges, and face-sensitive responses.
Hedging OpinionsB1 — Choose among به نظر من, فکر می‌کنم, شاید, احتمالا, and گویا to mark viewpoint, probability, evidence, and interpersonal caution.
Emphatic and Contrastive کهB1 — Use particle که after a topic or assertion to mark contrast, shared background, reminders, defenses, and complaints without confusing it with the complementizer.
هم، حتی، مگر as Focus ParticlesB1 — Control additive, scalar, and expectation-based focus with هم, حتی, and مگر by placing each particle around the constituent in its scope.
Turn-Taking with خب، یعنی، ببینB1 — Use خب to open or transition, یعنی to hold and reformulate, and ببین to claim attention while controlling filler, content, and politeness.
Answering Negative QuestionsB1 — Answer Persian negative questions unambiguously with نه, corrective چرا, emphatic چرا اتفاقا, repeated polarity, and explicit misunderstanding repair.
Compliments and Their ResponsesB2 — Give and receive compliments naturally with ممنون, لطف دارید, modest acknowledgment, and context-sensitive reciprocity.

Prepositions and Postpositions

Compound Prepositions

قبل از and بعد ازA2 — Place events before or after noun phrases with قبل از and بعد از, and extend them to finite clauses with اینکه.
به خاطر and به دلیلA2 — Express cause and motive with به‌خاطر and formal به‌دلیل, preserve their ezâfe linkage, and choose noun-phrase or finite-clause alternatives.
در مورد and درباره‌یB1 — Choose در مورد and درباره‌ی for topics and concerning relations, with correct ezâfe spelling, register, and verb collocations.
به جای and به عنوانB1 — Distinguish substitution with به جای from role, capacity, and classification with به عنوان.
نسبت به and در مقایسه باB1 — Use نسبت به for relations, attitudes, and compact comparisons, and در مقایسه با for explicit analytical comparison.
بر اساس and طبقB1 — Distinguish evidence or basis with بر اساس from accordance and attributed authority with طبق.
با توجه به and با وجودB1 — Contrast با توجه به ‘considering/given’ with با وجود ‘despite,’ and learn how each introduces noun phrases and اینکه clauses.
علی‌رغم، به‌رغم، صرف‌نظر ازB1 — Distinguish formal علی‌رغم and به‌رغم ‘despite’ from صرف‌نظر از ‘regardless of,’ with correct ZWNJ spelling, ezâfe, and clausal complements.

Core Relations

در، به، از، با، برایA1 — Use the five core Persian prepositions for location, destination, source, accompaniment, and beneficiary, with clear standard and colloquial contrasts.
Spatial Nouns with EzâfeA1 — Build Persian location phrases with روی، زیر، کنار، جلوی، and پشت by linking each relational noun to its reference point with ezâfe.
The Postposition را: First OrientationA1 — Recognize را as a postposition after a specific direct-object phrase, pronounce it râ in standard Persian, and distinguish it from English to or for.
Movement versus Location: به and درA2 — Choose به for a destination and در for a static setting, while recognizing motion verbs that omit به and colloquial توی for location.
Source and Separation with ازA2 — Use از for physical sources, separation, comparison, cause, material, information sources, and common verb-governed complements.
Accompaniment and Instrument with باA2 — Use با for companions, instruments, means, manner, and adversative relationships, including standard pronouns and colloquial باهاش-type forms.
Purpose and Beneficiary with برایA2 — Use برای for beneficiaries, intended users, and purposes, extend it with اینکه to goal clauses, and choose standard or colloquial pronominal forms.
Possessive and Associative پیش، نزد، مالA2 — Distinguish temporary custody and personal location with پیش, formal نزد, ownership or affiliation with مال, and general possession with داشتن.

Government and Advanced Use

Verb-Preposition ValencyB2 — Learn Persian verbs together with the prepositions they select, including وابسته بودن به, صحبت کردن درباره‌ی, ترسیدن از, and other high-frequency frames.
Adjective-Preposition ValencyB2 — Learn which Persian prepositions complete adjectives such as خوشحال از, آماده برای, مخالف با, آشنا با, and وابسته به.
Preposition plus InfinitiveB2 — Use the Persian infinitive as a verbal noun after برای, قبل از, بدون, and related prepositions, while managing shared subjects and finite-clause alternatives.
Enclitic Objects of PrepositionsB2 — Master the host spelling, register, formal expansion, and potential ambiguity of preposition–clitic forms such as بهش, برایم, ازشان, and درباره‌اش.
Preposition Stranding and Resumption in RelativesC1 — Form Persian prepositional relatives with full pronouns or resumptive clitics, distinguish colloquial afterthought placement, and avoid English-style bare stranding.
Classical Prepositions اندر، ز، بهرC1 — Read اندر، ز، and بهر in classical and poetic Persian, recognize their contractions, and replace them accurately in modern prose.
Arabic-Derived Formal Prepositional PhrasesC1 — Interpret فی‌مابین، من‌حیث، and حسب in legal and bureaucratic Persian, pronounce their Persian ezâfe, and choose clear modern alternatives.
The Historical Development of راC2 — Trace را from an older relational postposition through its classical functions to modern differential object marking and surviving formulas.

Pronouns and Clitics

Clitic System

The Six Pronominal EncliticsA2 — Learn the forms, pronunciation, hosts, and multiple grammatical functions of Persian's six attached pronouns.
Possessive Clitics on NounsA2 — Attach pronominal clitics to nouns for ownership, kinship, body-part, and associative possession, and choose them against ezâfe alternatives.
Object Clitics on VerbsB1 — Use attached pronouns such as دیدمش for accessible direct objects, recognize rarer indirect readings, and place them correctly on Persian verbs.
Clitics on PrepositionsB1 — Learn how Persian pronoun clitics attach to simple and complex prepositions, including formal forms such as برایش and colloquial forms such as باهات.
Clitics inside Light Verb ConstructionsB1 — Understand why Persian object clitics often attach to the nonverbal element of a light-verb construction, as in نجاتش داد and دعوتش کردم.
Experiencer CliticsB1 — Learn how Persian uses pronominal clitics to mark the person who feels, likes, remembers, or undergoes a bodily state in patterns such as سردم است and خوشم می‌آید.
Clitic Ordering and StackingB1 — Learn how Persian orders subject endings and object clitics, why two object clitics normally need separate hosts, and how speakers repair dense or ambiguous clusters.
Clitic Doubling and Resumptive UseB1 — Distinguish colloquial object doubling from the resumptive clitics that identify a head noun's role inside Persian relative clauses.
Null Objects and Recoverable PronounsB1 — Learn when Persian may leave an understood object unspoken, how this differs from subject pro-drop, and when an overt noun or clitic is required.

Indefinite and Relative Pronouns

Indefinite کسی، چیزی، جاییB2 — Use کسی، چیزی، and جایی for indefinite people, things, and places across affirmative, interrogative, conditional, and negative contexts.
Negative هیچ‌کس and هیچ‌چیزB2 — Build Persian negative concord with هیچ‌کس، هیچ‌چیز, and related forms, while handling verb negation, object marking, emphasis, and fragment answers.
Free Relatives هر کس که and هرچهB2 — Use هر کس که and هرچه as antecedentless relative expressions meaning whoever, anyone who, or whatever, with appropriate که and را placement.
Relative آنکه and آنچهB2 — Interpret and use formal antecedentless relatives with آنکه for people and آنچه for things, content, and situations, with clear register and punctuation.
Pronominal PartitivesC1 — Build compact forms such as هر دویمان and بعضی‌شان, where a quantifier or numeral heads a group identified by a pronominal clitic.
Formal خویش and خویشتنC1 — Recognize literary خویش and خویشتن as reflexive and possessive forms, and replace them naturally with modern خود constructions.
Placeholder فلانC1 — Use فلان for an unknown, forgotten, deliberately withheld, or dismissively unspecified person, place, thing, or time.
Logophoric and Perspective Uses of خودC1 — Interpret خود when reported speech, thought, and viewpoint allow a subject or perspective holder beyond the nearest clause to serve as antecedent.
Classical Personal Pronouns and EncliticsC2 — Read وی, ایشان, بدو, مر او را, and historically mobile enclitics with attention to period, genre, and editorial normalization.

Personal Pronouns

Subject Pronouns من، تو، او، ما، شما، آنهاA1 — Learn the six independent Persian subject pronouns, match them to verb agreement, and know when ordinary Persian leaves the subject unspoken.
Gender-Neutral اوA1 — Understand how او covers both he and she, how names and context supply gender, and why third-person agreement remains identical.
تو versus شماA1 — Choose intimate singular تو or polite/plural شما, and keep second-person agreement consistent even when the pronoun is omitted.
Pro-Drop and When Pronouns AppearA1 — Omit recoverable Persian subject pronouns, but state them for contrast, emphasis, topic changes, politeness, or reference clarity.
Independent Object Pronouns with راA2 — Use an ordinary Persian personal pronoun followed by را for a specific direct object, with careful, colloquial, contrastive, and clitic alternatives.
Plural and Colloquial Pronoun FormsA2 — Distinguish standard آن‌ها and ایشان from demonstrative این‌ها and everyday Tehran اینا، اونا، and ایشون, with appropriate reference and agreement.
Polite ایشانA2 — Use human-only ایشان for formal plural or deferential singular reference, with plural agreement and clear reference tracking.
خود as Reflexive PronounA2 — Build Persian reflexives with خود plus person-indexing clitics, distinguish reflexive from emphatic use, and interpret local and long-distance reference.
Reciprocal همدیگر and یکدیگرA2 — Use همدیگر and یکدیگر for mutual actions, prepositional relations, and reciprocal possession across spoken and formal Persian.
Emphatic خودA2 — Use خود to emphasize a person or thing itself, while distinguishing intensifying focus from reflexive arguments.

Pronunciation

Advanced Variation

Tehran Vowel Shifts and â-to-u RaisingB2 — When colloquial Tehran Persian raises â to u near nasal consonants, which words resist it, and how to keep spoken and written registers apart.
Connected Speech: Cliticization and Boundary LossC1 — How the copula, object marker, conjunction, and pronominal clitics lean on neighboring words while their grammatical boundaries remain recoverable.
Arabic Loan Pronunciation and Learned RegisterC1 — Pronounce Arabic-origin vocabulary as Persian while recognizing the limited settings where speakers switch to an explicitly Arabic recitation.
Historical Pronunciation behind Modern SpellingC2 — Use silent vâv, merged majhul vowels, lost consonant contrasts, meter, and rhyme as evidence for earlier Persian without mistaking spelling for a recording.

Prosody and Morphology

Stress with Personal Endings and CliticsA2 — How Persian stress responds to verb agreement, enclitic copulas, possessives, and object clitics.
Ezâfe Pronunciation after Consonants and VowelsA2 — When Persian ezâfe is pronounced -e or -ye, how each form is written, and how it links through a phrase.
Stress in Compound and Light VerbsA2 — How a Persian compound predicate distributes prominence across its nonverbal element, light verb, prefixes, and tense forms.
Question IntonationB1 — How Iranian Persian distinguishes statements, yes-no questions, wh-questions, echoes, and softened requests through pitch.
Focus Stress and ContrastB1 — How neutral nuclear prominence, corrective focus, هم, که, and scrambling organize information in spoken Persian.
Reading Unpointed Homographs AloudB1 — How morphology, syntax, meaning, and dictionaries recover the right pronunciation from ambiguous unvowelized Persian spelling.
Careful Standard Reading versus ConversationB1 — A three-layer map from standard Persian spelling to careful Iranian reading and educated Tehran conversation.
Poetic Meter and PronunciationB2 — Read classical Persian quantitative meter by syllable weight, including ezâfe, overlong syllables, and licensed poetic contractions.

Sound System

Persian Vowels: a, e, o, â, i, uA1 — Hear and produce the six vowels of modern Iranian Persian while keeping sound, spelling, and register distinct.
Consonant Inventory for English SpeakersA1 — Build the Iranian Persian consonant system by focusing on the contrasts and transfer traps that English speakers actually face.
Stress in Simple WordsA1 — Predict Persian word stress, recognize stressless clitics, and avoid importing English stress patterns.
Vâv as v, u, or owA1 — Decide when و represents consonantal v, long u, the diphthong ow, or a historically written silent sound.
Ye as y, i, or eyA1 — Learn how Persian yeh represents the glide y, the long vowel i, and the diphthong ey in modern Iranian pronunciation.
Eyn and Hamza in Modern Iranian SpeechA1 — Pronounce written eyn and hamza as modern Iranians do: from a clear glottal break to hiatus or complete weakening.
Qâf and Gheyn in Iranian PersianA1 — Understand why ق and غ remain distinct in spelling but share a mainstream Iranian Persian sound with positional variants.
Kh, H, and the Arabic-Letter SpellingsA2 — Keep Persian kh distinct from h, pronounce ح like ه in Iranian Persian, and learn why spelling cannot always be heard.
R, L, and Persian Syllable TimingA2 — Produce Persian tap or trill r and clear l while preserving full vowels and the rhythm of light, heavy, and overlong syllables.
Word-Initial Consonant Clusters and EpenthesisA2 — How Iranian Persian repairs foreign word-initial consonant clusters with prothetic and inserted vowels.
Syllable Structure and ResyllabificationA2 — How Persian organizes consonants around vowels and resyllabifies them across suffix, clitic, and word boundaries.
Final Consonants and VoicingA2 — How Iranian Persian releases, voices, and simplifies consonants at the ends of words and phrases.

Questions

Direct Questions

Yes-No Questions by IntonationA1 — Turn ordinary Persian statements into natural yes-no questions without changing word order, using intonation, context, punctuation, and short answers.
Formal Yes-No Questions with آیاA1 — Use clause-initial آیا to mark clear written and careful-spoken Persian yes-no questions without changing ordinary word order.
Wh-Words in SituA1 — Ask Persian who, what, where, when, why, and how questions by placing the wh-word in the ordinary slot of the missing information.
چند and چند تاA2 — Ask and state quantities with چند, colloquial چند تا, singular counted nouns, نفر for people, and context-dependent ‘a few’ readings.
Questioning Possession and IdentityA2 — Ask whose something is, who someone is, and which person or item is intended using مال کی، کیست، چه کسی, and کدام.
Negative Questions and AnswersA2 — Form Persian negative questions, recognize their expectations, and answer them unambiguously with نه، چرا, and an explicit repeated verb.
Choice Questions with یاA2 — Build Persian alternative questions with یا, control what the alternatives contrast, and use final یا نه for a binary decision.

Interaction and Embedding

Question Tags نه؟، مگه نه؟، درسته؟B1 — Use Persian question tags to seek confirmation, show stance, and manage agreement without copying English auxiliary-based tags.
Echo and Clarification QuestionsB1 — Repair misunderstandings in Persian with focused repetition, in-place question words, bare چی؟, and polite clarification frames.
Indirect Yes-No QuestionsB1 — Embed Persian yes-no questions after verbs such as پرسیدن and دانستن using آیا, یا نه, natural word order, and independent tense reference.
Indirect Wh-QuestionsB2 — Embed Persian wh-questions without English inversion, place wh-phrases in their grammatical slots, and distinguish asking from knowing or discovering an answer.
Rhetorical Questions and مگرC1 — Interpret Persian rhetorical questions with مگر through polarity, expectation, challenge, irony, and the possibility of genuine context-dependent answers.

Regional Variation

Advanced Variation

Classical Persian as a Shared Transregional StandardC1 — Understand Classical Persian as a historically mobile written standard shaped across Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and South Asia rather than owned by one modern nation.
Contact-Induced Grammar in Iranian PersianC1 — Analyze Arabic, Turkic, Kurdish, French, and English contact through borrowing, calquing, convergence, and code-switching without confusing origin with grammatical ownership.
Comparative Persian Dialectology for ReadersC2 — Read dialect descriptions through isoglosses, copulas, clitics, past alignment, evidentiality, and transparent limits on evidence.

Cross-Border Persian

Dari Grammar for Iranian Persian LearnersB2 — Recognize major Dari contrasts in copulas, demonstratives, pronouns, tense, vocabulary, and pronunciation while keeping Iranian Persian as the production target.
Tajik Grammar and the Cyrillic DivideB2 — Build receptive access to Tajik through its Cyrillic script, shared Persian structures, distinctive progressive, and Russian-contact vocabulary.
Hazaragi and Other Afghan VarietiesB2 — Recognize Hazaragi pronouns, particles, sound patterns, contact features, and identity while respecting the diversity of Afghan Persian.
Iranian Regional Dialects versus Persian AccentsC1 — Distinguish regional Persian accents from Gilaki, Mazandarani, Kurdish, Luri, Azerbaijani, and Iran’s other language systems without ranking their speakers.

Orientation

Iranian Persian, Dari, and Tajik: The MapA2 — Orient yourself among the three national Persian standards while keeping Iranian Persian as this course's productive target.
Tehran Speech and the Iranian StandardA2 — Understand how written Iranian Persian, careful national speech, and colloquial Tehran usage overlap without treating them as one uniform code.
Urban Iranian Accents beyond TehranB1 — Recognize major urban Persian accents without stereotyping speakers or confusing a city accent with the other languages spoken there.
Formal Regional Persian inside IranB1 — Understand how regional pronunciation, local vocabulary, bilingual practice, and nationwide standard writing coexist inside Iran.
Diaspora Iranian PersianB1 — Understand heritage Persian, English contact, code-switching, register range, literacy, and generational variation without treating bilingual speech as defective.

Register and Diglossia

B1 Tehran Colloquial Core

Tehran Colloquial System OverviewB1 — See how everyday Tehran Persian coordinates sound patterns, pronouns, noun morphology, clitics, verb stems, endings, and copulas.
Reduced Copula است to ـه or ـستB1 — Form complete Tehran colloquial predicates with post-consonant ـه, vowel-conditioned ـست or ـیه, and the unreduced negative نیست.
Present Third-Person Endings ad to e and and to anB1 — Map standard present ـد and ـند to Tehran colloquial ـه and ـن while preserving agreement, negation, and ZWNJ.
Irregular Spoken Verb StemsB1 — Learn high-frequency Tehran forms such as می‌رم, می‌گم, می‌خوام, میام, می‌شم, می‌تونم, and بذار as paradigms rather than guessed deletions.
Raising â to u before NasalsB1 — Use common Tehran pairs such as آن/اون, نان/نون, خانه/خونه, and می‌دانم/می‌دونم without overgeneralizing â-to-u raising.
Object Marker را to رو or ـوB1 — Place Tehran رو after vowel-final objects and weak ـو after consonant-final hosts while distinguishing the object marker from conjunction و.
Reduced Function WordsB1 — Map standard یک، اگر، دیگر، چه، برای، در، and روی to their common Tehran conversational forms within coherent spoken sentences.
Plural ها to ـاB1 — Map standard plural ـها to Tehran colloquial outcomes after consonants and different vowel-final nouns while preserving reference, object marking, and spelling.

B2 Social and Formal Registers

Additional Tehran Reductions: ید to ینB2 — Map standard second-plural and polite ـید to Tehran colloquial ـین across verb classes without losing person, politeness, or register control.
Definite Colloquial ـه and Spoken Noun PhrasesB2 — Interpret Tehran colloquial ـه as a discourse-sensitive definite marker and distinguish it from ezafe, the copula, and object marking.
Preposition Drop and Fusion in SpeechB2 — Recognize recoverable goal phrases such as میرم خونه and compact preposition–clitic forms such as بهش، باهاش، and برات in Tehran speech.
Spoken و as oB2 — Recognize colloquial coordination with unstressed o while keeping it distinct from the colloquial object marker.
Honorific Taʿârof RegisterB2 — Recognize how بفرمایید, تشریف, عرض, and خدمت raise an addressee or lower the speaker in Iranian politeness.

C1 Formal and Literary Style

Journalistic PersianC1 — Read Persian news through attribution, reporting verbs, perfect and passive framing, headline ellipsis, and journalistic inversion.
Academic PersianC1 — Build and unpack Persian academic prose through nominalization, stance, complex prepositions, ezafe chains, citation, and readable revision.
Bureaucratic and Legal PersianC1 — Decode official Persian passive frames, copular formulas, performative notices, impersonal authority, and plain-language revisions.
Literary Modern PersianC1 — Control narrator voice, poetic ezafe, flexible order, tense shifts, dialogue, and deliberate archaism in modern literary Persian.

C2 Historical Registers

Classical Persian versus Modern StandardC2 — Read classical Persian across verb morphology, pronouns, vocabulary, order, orthography, and genre without treating it as one frozen code.
Editing Mixed-Period PersianC2 — Separate transcription, normalized spelling, supplied reading, punctuation, annotation, and modern paraphrase without falsifying a historical source.

Register Foundations

One Language, Several Grammars of UseA1 — Understand standard written Persian, careful speech, educated Tehran conversation, and formal or literary layers as related systems chosen for different situations.
Written Forms First: The A1-A2 ContractA1 — Build an A1-A2 foundation in unvowelled standard spelling, full endings, standard copulas, and dictionary forms before adding systematic spoken reductions.
Careful Spoken PersianA2 — Use full standard forms with natural conversational syntax and prosody in classrooms, presentations, news-style speech, and communication across dialects.
Colloquial Spelling versus Standard SpellingA2 — Learn when Iranian Persian writers preserve standard forms and when informal writing represents Tehran speech reductions.
Register-Pure SentencesA2 — Keep Persian morphology, vocabulary, pronouns, copulas, and object marking aligned within one speaking or writing voice.
Recognizing Bookish Vocabulary in ConversationA2 — Understand formal Persian words and predicates when they enter announcements, careful speech, quotation, or humorous imitation.
From Standard to Tehran Speech: A Safe On-RampA2 — Convert standard Iranian Persian into coherent everyday Tehran speech in a staged, reversible order.

Sentences

Advanced Sentence Design

Building Conditional ArgumentsB2 — Build persuasive Persian conditionals by matching real, hypothetical, and counterfactual premises to scoped modal conclusions and appropriate connectors.
Packaging Information in Formal ProseB2 — Package actors, processes, evidence, and conclusions into readable formal Persian without burying the sentence under nominalization and ezâfe.
Quoting and Reporting OthersB2 — Choose direct quotation, که-reporting, paraphrase, and source-marking while controlling tense, deixis, punctuation, and evidential distance.
Balancing Long Persian SentencesC1 — Control clause chains, repeated که, heavy constituents, anaphora, punctuation, and cadence so long Persian sentences remain structurally transparent.

Connected Communication

Telling a Past StoryB1 — Shape a coherent Persian story by separating background from foreground, maintaining topics, and linking earlier events to their later consequences.
Explaining Reasons and ResultsB1 — Connect causes and consequences in Persian with چون, برای اینکه, به دلیل, بنابراین, and register-appropriate result expressions.
Expressing Opinions and StanceB1 — State, soften, support, agree with, and disagree with opinions naturally in spoken and written Iranian Persian.
Making Requests and OffersB1 — Make and answer Persian requests and offers with softened imperatives, می‌شود, لطفا, بفرمایید, and accessible object clitics.

Core Patterns

Introducing YourselfA1 — Use natural Persian greeting, name, origin, residence, and occupation patterns with appropriate informal and polite forms.
Saying What and Where Something IsA1 — Build basic Persian identity and location sentences with این, آن, prepositional phrases, the copula, and نیست.
Talking about PossessionA1 — Choose natural Persian sentence frames for having, owning, carrying, and lacking countable or uncountable things.
Describing People and ThingsA2 — Build natural Persian descriptions with noun–adjective ezâfe phrases, adjective predicates, degree words, and simple comparisons.
Talking about Daily RoutinesA2 — Describe an ordinary Persian day with present-tense verbs, time and frequency expressions, compound predicates, pro-drop, and natural coordination.
Talking about Completed EventsA2 — Tell a clear Persian past-time story with simple-past verbs, definite objects, compound predicates, and natural sequencing expressions.
Giving Directions and InstructionsA2 — Give clear Persian routes and step-by-step instructions with familiar and polite imperatives, landmarks, prepositions, sequencing, and prohibitives.
Making Plans and ArrangementsA2 — Build complete Persian plans by proposing an activity, agreeing on a time and place, and confirming what everyone will do.

Syntax and Word Order

Advanced Ordering

OSV Fronting and Topical ObjectsB2 — Use object–subject–verb order to establish Persian objects as topics or contrasts, while distinguishing scrambling from resumptive left dislocation.
Postverbal Heavy ConstituentsB2 — Recognize when Persian places long clauses, quotations, subjects, and afterthought phrases after the verb for weight, focus, or report style.
Verb-Subject Inversion in ReportsB2 — Learn why formal Persian reports sometimes place a reporting or presentational verb before a heavy, newsworthy subject.
Ellipsis and GappingB2 — Understand when Persian can omit a repeated verb, copula, auxiliary, or light verb and how parallel structure makes the missing material recoverable.
Scope of Negation, Quantifiers, and ModalsB2 — Learn how Persian word order, stress, and explicit paraphrases distinguish who, how many, or what possibility falls under negation and modality.

Arguments and Information Structure

Differential Object Marking with راB1 — Use Persian را according to an object's identifiability, specificity, animacy, and discourse status rather than marking every direct object mechanically.
Specific Indefinites with ی plus راB1 — Combine Persian indefinite ی with را when a direct object is new to the listener but particular in the speaker's intended reference.
Topic-Comment StructureB1 — Organize Persian clauses around an established topic and an informative comment using fronting, resumptive clitics, null subjects, and conversational intonation.
Focus Position and Contrastive StressB1 — Place and interpret Persian focus through preverbal position, contrastive prominence, clefts, هم, که, and congruent answers to questions.
Clitic Placement and Clause StructureB1 — Understand how Persian pronominal enclitics choose verbal, nominal, prepositional, and compound-predicate hosts without losing their syntactic role or discourse meaning.
Subordinate Clauses before and after the MatrixB1 — Place Persian adverbial and complement clauses according to their grammatical role, discourse framing, weight, and processing demands.
Relative-Clause AttachmentB1 — Attach Persian که clauses to their antecedents and track gaps, resumptive forms, and را across simple and structurally heavy noun phrases.

C1-C2 Syntax

Constraints on ScramblingC1 — Examine why Persian constituents can move for topic and focus but cannot cross every syntactic boundary or abandon their internal markers.
Nominal Density in Academic ProseC1 — Learn to parse and edit dense Persian academic noun phrases built from ezâfe chains, verbal nouns, and passive light-verb constructions.
Poetic Word Order and HyperbatonC1 — Recover Persian clause structure when poetry separates dependents, delays verbs, reverses familiar phrases, or leaves repeated material unspoken.
Ambiguity Resolution in Unpointed Complex SentencesC1 — Resolve Persian homographs, invisible ezâfe, and uncertain clause boundaries by combining syntax, punctuation, valency, and discourse context.
Historical Word Order from Early New Persian to TodayC2 — Trace the continuity and changing surface expression of Persian SOV order, rā, clitics, and genre-specific syntax from early texts to modern Iranian Persian.

Clause Architecture

Basic SOV Word OrderA1 — Build neutral Persian clauses in subject–object–verb order while placing time, place, prepositional phrases, and compound predicates naturally.
Subject Omission and Verb AgreementA1 — Omit recoverable Persian subject pronouns, read person and number from verb endings, and express a subject for contrast or clarity.
Copular Sentence OrderA1 — Build Persian noun and adjective predicates in subject–predicate–copula order, including attached forms, negation, and coherent Tehran variants.
Position of Direct Objects and راA2 — Place bare, indefinite, and specific Persian direct objects before the verb, and attach را to the complete object phrase.
Noun-Phrase Order around EzâfeA2 — Build Persian noun phrases with prenominal demonstratives and quantifiers followed by a head-first ezâfe chain of adjectives and possessors.
Adverb Placement in Neutral ClausesA2 — Place Persian time, place, manner, frequency, and degree expressions in natural neutral clauses while recognizing their mobility and focus effects.
Coordination and Shared ConstituentsA2 — Coordinate parallel Persian words, phrases, and clauses with و، یا، and اما while sharing subjects, objects, or verbs clearly.
Basic Scrambling beyond SOVA2 — Recognize and produce discourse-motivated Persian word orders beyond neutral SOV, including object fronting, topical frames, and marked subject postponement.
Quantifier and Numeral SyntaxA2 — Build Persian quantified noun phrases with prenominal numbers, singular counted nouns, optional counting words, partitives, and meaning-based agreement.

Verb Reference

Formal and Abstract Predicates

ادامه دادن edâme dâdan: to ContinueB2 — Use agentive ادامه دادن with direct event objects and به plus activities, contrasting subject control, aspect, and intransitive ادامه داشتن.
تغییر دادن taghyir dâdan: to Change SomethingB2 — Use transitive تغییر دادن for causing change, with specific objects, source-to-goal phrases, and clear contrasts with تغییر کردن and تغییر یافتن.
توجه کردن tavajjoh kardan: to Pay AttentionB2 — Use توجه کردن with a به-marked focus, polite imperatives, nominal توجه به, and precise control of negative scope.
شرکت کردن sherkat kardan: to ParticipateB2 — Use شرکت کردن with در for events and activities, distinguish participation from presence, and resolve the noun شرکت meaning company.
موفق شدن movaffaq shodan: to SucceedB2 — Use موفق شدن for successful achievements, with در domains, formal موفق به complements, controlled subjunctive clauses, and precise negation.
امکان داشتن emkân dâshtan: to Be PossibleB2 — Use امکان داشتن for available possibilities and capabilities, and distinguish personal paradigms from impersonal امکان دارد plus a subjunctive event.
اهمیت داشتن ahammiyat dâshtan: to MatterB2 — Use اهمیت داشتن for something mattering to a participant, with داشتن forms, degree and negation, and the مهم بودن alternative.
ارزش داشتن arzesh dâshtan: to Be WorthB2 — Use ارزش داشتن for monetary value and worthwhile actions, with برای frames, verbal-noun complements, and the می‌ارزد alternative.
تأثیر گذاشتن tasir gozâshtan: to AffectB2 — Use تأثیر گذاشتن with بر or روی for influence and causation, with the گذاشت/گذار paradigm, correct hamza spelling, and اثر کردن contrast.
در نظر گرفتن dar nazar gereftan: to Take into AccountB2 — Use در نظر گرفتن for considering, allowing for, and designating, with its گرفت/گیر forms, passive, clitics, and bureaucratic register.
به شمار رفتن be shomâr raftan: to Be ConsideredB2 — Use formal به شمار رفتن to classify something as a member or example, with رفت/رو forms and the محسوب شدن alternative.
خودداری کردن khoddâri kardan: to RefrainB2 — Use formal خودداری کردن with از plus a controlled action, while tracking its inherently negative meaning, grammatical negation, and directive register.

High-Frequency Simple Verbs

بودن budan: to BeA1 — Master the irregular Persian verb بودن across enclitic and هست copulas, نیست negatives, past and subjunctive stems, perfect auxiliary uses, and Tehran speech.
داشتن dâshtan: to HaveA1 — Reference guide to داشتن for possession, experience, progressive aspect, idioms, and its standard and Tehran paradigms.
کردن kardan: to Do and MakeA1 — Reference guide to کردن as a lexical verb, a causative partner, and Persian’s most productive light verb.
شدن shodan: to BecomeA1 — Reference guide to شدن for change of state, intransitive compounds, passive voice, possibility, and colloquial می‌شه.
رفتن raftan: to GoA1 — Reference guide to رفتن for motion, destinations, resultative perfects, extended predicates, commands, and Tehran speech.
آمدن âmadan: to ComeA1 — Reference guide to آمدن for deictic motion, arrival, purpose, compounds, irregular commands, and colloquial میام.
گفتن goftan: to SayA1 — Reference guide to گفتن for direct and indirect speech, messages and recipients, commands, compounds, and Tehran میگم.
خواستن khâstan: to WantA1 — Reference guide to خواستن for desired things, subjunctive complements, requests, the formal future auxiliary, and Tehran می‌خوام.
دیدن didan: to SeeA2 — Reference guide to دیدن for visual perception, specific objects, finite perception clauses, passives, compounds, and Tehran forms.
خوردن khordan: to Eat or HitA2 — Reference guide to خوردن for eating, collision, commands, undergoer compounds, lexical passive-like meanings, and Tehran forms.
دادن dâdan: to GiveA2 — Reference guide to دادن for themes and recipients, causative compounds, commands, lexicalized meanings, and Tehran میدم.
گرفتن gereftan: to TakeA2 — Use گرفتن across its irregular گرفت/گیر stems, concrete objects, commands, lexical compounds, and experiencer constructions such as خوابم گرفت.
خواندن khândan: to Read or CallA2 — Master خواندن as ‘read,’ ‘recite,’ ‘sing,’ and formal ‘call/name,’ including its silent واو, خوان stem, compounds, and Tehran forms.
نوشتن neveshtan: to WriteA2 — Use نوشتن with its irregular نوشت/نویس stems, direct objects, written content, prescriptions, passive forms, commands, and Tehran speech.
دانستن dânestan: to KnowA2 — Use دانستن for known facts and propositions, distinguish it from شناختن, بلد بودن, and توانستن, and recognize formal بدان and Tehran می‌دونم.
توانستن tavânestan: to Be AbleA2 — Use توانستن for personal ability and impersonal possibility, with subjunctive complements, precise past contrasts, negation, and Tehran می‌تونم.
ماندن mândan: to StayA2 — Use ماندن for staying, remaining, and continuing in a state, with its مان/ماند stems, compounds, and تهران speech forms.
بردن bordan: to Take AwayA2 — Master بردن as the caused-motion verb for taking something away, winning, and a family of high-frequency compounds.
آوردن âvardan: to BringA2 — Use آوردن for motion toward a reference point, with its آور/آورد stems, irregular imperative بیاور, compounds, and colloquial بیار forms.
گذاشتن gozâshtan: to Put or LetA2 — Use گذاشتن for placing, leaving, and allowing, with its گذاشت/گذار stems, spelling contrasts, compounds, and colloquial بذار.
یافتن yâftan: to FindA2 — Use formal یافتن beside everyday پیدا کردن, with its یافت/یاب stems, prefixed and compound verbs, and passive-like result constructions.
شنیدن shenidan: to HearA2 — Reference guide to شنیدن for sounds, sources, finite perception clauses, literary listening, compounds, and Tehran forms.
خوابیدن khâbidan: to SleepA2 — Reference guide to خوابیدن for sleeping, falling asleep, current posture, causative خواباندن, compounds, and Tehran forms.
نشستن neshastan: to SitA2 — Reference guide to نشستن for sitting down, seated posture, stative perfects, causative نشاندن, extended meanings, and Tehran forms.
ایستادن istâdan: to StandA2 — Reference guide to ایستادن for standing, stopping, current posture, extended frames, commands, and colloquial وایستادن.
خریدن kharidan: to BuyA2 — Reference guide to خریدن for purchased objects, sellers and sources, prices, shopping compounds, commands, and Tehran forms.
فروختن forukhtan: to SellA2 — Use فروختن with its فروخت/فروش stems, seller-item-buyer frame, passive forms, the noun فروش, and common sales compounds.
پوشیدن pushidan: to WearA2 — Use پوشیدن for putting on and wearing clothes, distinguish result states and accessories, and form causative پوشاندن accurately.
شستن shostan: to WashA2 — Master شستن across شست and شو/شوی stems, its written ambiguities with شدن and نشستن, reflexive body-part syntax, and Tehran شور forms.
ساختن sâkhtan: to MakeA2 — Use ساختن for making and building, compatibility with با, productive ساز derivatives, passive forms, and the limits of English ‘make.’
پرسیدن porsidan: to AskA2 — Use پرسیدن with its پرسید/پرس stems, از-marked addressees, direct and indirect questions, requests, compounds, and Tehran speech.
فهمیدن fahmidan: to UnderstandA2 — Use فهمیدن for comprehension and realization, with its فهمید/فهم stems, factive clauses, negation, and contrast with دانستن.
رسیدن residan: to Arrive or ReachA2 — Use رسیدن for arrival, reaching goals and thresholds, sufficiency, and fixed compounds, while contrasting causative رساندن.

Honorific and Literary Verbs

فرمودن farmudan: to Say HonorificallyC1 — Use فرمودن to elevate a respected speaker, master its فرمود/فرما stems and polyfunctional بفرمایید, and avoid self-honorification or indiscriminate overuse.
عرض کردن arz kardan: to Say HumblyC1 — Use عرض کردن to lower the speaker respectfully, distinguish it from honorific فرمودن, and control its conversational and bureaucratic formulas.
تشریف آوردن tashrif âvardan: to Come HonorificallyC1 — Use تشریف آوردن for a respected person's arrival, conjugate its irregular آورد/آور light verb, and choose appropriately among its آمدن، بودن، and رفتن counterparts.
گردیدن gardidan: to Become or Be PassivizedC1 — Distinguish lexical گردیدن 'turn/become' from formal passive گردیدن, master its گردید/گرد stems, and know when modern شدن is clearer.
گشتن gashtan: to Turn, Roam, or BecomeC1 — Conjugate گشتن and distinguish its current motion and search uses from its literary meanings ‘become’ and passive-like ‘be.’
پنداشتن pendâshtan: to SupposeC1 — Conjugate literary پنداشتن and use its که-clause and object-complement frames without confusing it with everyday فکر کردن.

Philological Reference

نمودن namudan: to Show or PerformC2 — Conjugate نمودن and distinguish literal ‘show,’ literary ‘seem,’ and bureaucratic light-verb uses from clearer modern alternatives.
زیستن zistan: to LiveC2 — Conjugate literary زیستن, including its زیـ present stem and rare imperatives, and contrast it with زندگی کردن and زنده بودن.

Productive Everyday Compounds

شروع کردن shoru kardan: to StartA2 — Use the compound verb شروع کردن for agentive onset, with noun objects, به plus infinitive, marked finite complements, and شروع شدن.
تمام کردن tamâm kardan: to FinishA2 — Use transitive تمام کردن for completing tasks and consuming resources, with its full paradigm, object marking, تمام شدن pair, and colloquial تموم.
دوست داشتن dust dâshtan: to Like or LoveA2 — Use دوست داشتن for liking, loving, and preferred actions, with its stative present, direct objects, subjunctive complements, degree, and clitics.
زندگی کردن zendegi kardan: to LiveA2 — Use زندگی کردن for where, with whom, and how long someone lives, and distinguish it from زنده بودن and literary زیستن.
کار کردن kâr kardan: to WorkB1 — Use کار کردن for employment, carrying out work, and functioning, with its کردن paradigm, location frames, and noun–verb ambiguity.
صحبت کردن sohbat kardan: to SpeakB1 — Use صحبت کردن with با for an interlocutor and درباره‌ی for a topic, and distinguish it by register from حرف زدن and سخن گفتن.
تصمیم گرفتن tasmim gereftan: to DecideB1 — Use تصمیم گرفتن with its گرفت/گیر stems, subjunctive content clauses, برای frames, and the right limits on objects and clitics.
سعی کردن sa'y kardan: to TryB1 — Use سعی کردن for an attempted action or deliberate effort, with subjunctive and برای complements, scope, and register contrasts.
احساس کردن ehsâs kardan: to FeelB1 — Use احساس کردن for bodily, emotional, and inferential perception, with its object and clause patterns, alternatives, and full کردن paradigm.
فکر کردن fekr kardan: to ThinkB1 — Use فکر کردن for directed thought and opinions, with به and درباره‌ی complements, finite clauses, mood contrasts, and its full کردن paradigm.
نگاه کردن negâh kardan: to LookB1 — Use نگاه کردن for directed visual attention, with its به complement, restricted direct-object patterns, دیدن contrast, imperatives, and colloquial forms.
پیدا کردن peydâ kardan: to FindB1 — Use everyday پیدا کردن for finding and obtaining, with object marking, internal clitics, the پیدا شدن pair, and its contrast with formal یافتن.
کمک کردن komak kardan: to HelpB1 — Use کمک کردن with به for the person helped and در for the task, including internal clitics, finite purpose clauses, and formal یاری دادن.
قبول کردن qabul kardan: to AcceptB1 — Use قبول کردن for accepting offers, claims, responsibility, and applicants, with its کردن paradigm, clause complements, and پذیرفتن contrast.
رد کردن rad kardan: to Reject or PassB1 — Use رد کردن for rejecting or declining, crossing a landmark, causing an object to pass, deflecting a ball, and failing someone, with object-driven meanings and رد شدن contrasts.
پیشنهاد دادن pishnehâd dâdan: to SuggestB1 — Use پیشنهاد دادن with a proposed idea, a به-marked recipient, noun and clause content, object clitics, and پیشنهاد کردن alternatives.
توضیح دادن towzih dâdan: to ExplainB1 — Use توضیح دادن with a direct content object, a به-marked recipient, factual که clauses, object clitics, and clear register choices.
خبر دادن khabar dâdan: to InformB1 — Use خبر دادن with a به-marked recipient, an از-marked event, object clitics, finite content clauses, and the خبر داشتن contrast.
یاد گرفتن yâd gereftan: to LearnB1 — Use یاد گرفتن for acquiring knowledge and skills, with its گرفت/گیر stems, object marking, source phrases, and literal یاد contrasts.
یاد دادن yâd dâdan: to TeachB1 — Use یاد دادن for transferring a skill or lesson, with its داد/ده stems, content and learner roles, and potentially ambiguous clitics.
یاد آوردن yâd âvardan: to RememberB1 — Use یاد آوردن and به یاد آوردن for deliberate recall, with the آور/آورد paradigm, object clauses, and experiencer یادم آمد.
فراموش کردن farâmush kardan: to ForgetB1 — Use فراموش کردن with noun and clause objects, distinguish forgetting a fact from forgetting to act, and compare experiencer یادم رفت.
اتفاق افتادن ettefâgh oftâdan: to HappenB1 — Use اتفاق افتادن for events occurring, with the افتاد/افت stems, third-person event agreement, time and place settings, and impersonal questions.
به وجود آمدن be vojud âmadan: to Come into BeingB1 — Use formal-neutral به وجود آمدن for entities and situations arising, with the irregular آمدن paradigm and causative به وجود آوردن.
از دست دادن az dast dâdan: to LoseB1 — Use از دست دادن for losing opportunities, control, possessions, and people, with its دادن paradigm, object marking, clitics, and از دست رفتن alternative.
به دست آوردن be dast âvardan: to ObtainB1 — Use به دست آوردن for achieved acquisition, with the irregular آوردن paradigm, direct objects, formal register, and contrasts with پیدا کردن and به دست آمدن.
عادت کردن âdat kardan: to Get Used ToB1 — Use inchoative عادت کردن with به and noun or action complements, contrasting the process of adaptation with resultative عادت کرده بودن and stative عادت داشتن.

Verbs

A1 Foundations

How a Persian Verb Is BuiltA1 — See how Persian combines two stems with prefixes, personal endings, participles, and light verbs to build its verbal system.
The Infinitive and Past StemA1 — Recognize Persian infinitives, recover the fully predictable past stem, and use both forms correctly when learning and looking up verbs.
The Present StemA1 — Learn why Persian present stems must be stored with each verb, recognize common alternations, and use the stem in present-system forms.
Personal Endings across TensesA1 — Use Persian personal endings to mark six persons across present and past systems, license omitted subjects, and recognize colloquial reductions.
The Enclitic Present CopulaA1 — Attach the six present copula forms to noun and adjective predicates with correct agreement, spacing, and standard or colloquial pronunciation.
Negative Copula نیستA1 — Negate Persian noun, adjective, and locative predicates with the inflected نیست series rather than prefixing the positive copula.
بودن versus هستنA1 — Distinguish Persian بودن from the هست series in identity, existence, presence, past tense, and the subjunctive.
داشتن in the PresentA1 — Conjugate داشتن in the present for possession, relationships, resources, and the progressive auxiliary, including ندارم and Tehran forms.
Present Indicative with می‌A1 — Build the Persian present indicative with می‌, a present stem, and personal endings for habitual, general, current, and planned events.
Negative Present with نمی‌A1 — Negate Persian present verbs with نمی‌, place it correctly in simple and compound predicates, and use negative indefinites without English interference.
High-Frequency Irregular Present StemsA1 — Master the present stems رو، آی، گو، خواه، ده, and شو and build their standard and colloquial forms accurately.
Compound Verbs in the PresentA1 — Conjugate Persian compound verbs by keeping the nonverbal element stable and placing present-tense marking on the light verb.
Simple Past FormationA1 — Build the Persian simple past from the past stem and personal endings, including the zero third-person singular and completed-event reading.
Negative Simple PastA1 — Negate completed past events with نـ before the past stem, place it correctly in compound verbs, and distinguish نرفتم from نمی‌رفتم.

A2 Core Tense and Mood System

Present Indicative for Habits and General TruthsA2 — Use the Persian present indicative for routines, repeated events, generic truths, and scheduled future events with clear time cues.
Present Indicative for Current EventsA2 — Interpret the Persian present indicative as ongoing from context and choose the explicit داشتن progressive when an action must be foregrounded as happening now.
Present Indicative for Future TimeA2 — Use the Persian present indicative for plans, appointments, schedules, and confident future events, and contrast it with خواهد forms.
Present Progressive with داشتنA2 — Build the Persian present progressive with finite داشتن plus a matching می‌ present, including its imminent reading and limits on negation.
Past-Stem Formation PatternsA2 — Recognize Persian past stems through infinitives, recurring د and ت families, causative endings, sound correspondences, and lexical exceptions.
Irregular Simple-Past ParadigmsA2 — Conjugate بودن، داشتن، رفتن، آمدن, and گفتن in the simple past, including zero-marked third person, negatives, and compound predicates.
Past Continuous with می‌A2 — Form the Persian past imperfective with می‌ plus the past stem for background actions, repeated past events, and developing counterfactual meanings.
Past Progressive with داشتنA2 — Build داشتم ... می‌کردم progressives with matched agreement and use them to foreground an event underway at a past reference point.
Habitual Past and English Used ToA2 — Express repeated past events and states with می‌ plus the past stem, without inventing a separate equivalent of English used to.
بودن in the Simple PastA2 — Use بودم through بودند and their نبود negatives for past identity, location, states, existence, and compound-tense support.
داشتن in the PastA2 — Use داشتم through داشتند for past possession and associated states, distinguish progressive auxiliary use, and form negatives with نداشت.
Compound Verbs in Past TensesA2 — Keep the nonverbal element stable while the light verb carries simple-past, imperfective, negative, and progressive morphology.
Long Infinitives as Verbal NounsA2 — Use Persian infinitives as noun-like names of actions, with ezâfe complements, prepositional phrases, possessors, and countable event readings.
Past Participle in هA2 — Build Persian past participles by adding ه to the past stem, then use them in perfect forms, compound predicates, and adjectival result descriptions.
Present Perfect FormationA2 — Form the Persian present perfect with a past participle and present copula, including six standard spellings, negation, compound verbs, and Tehran reductions.
Present Perfect UsesA2 — Choose the Persian present perfect for current relevance, present results, life experience, and recent reporting, and contrast it with simple-past narration.
Past PerfectA2 — Form the Persian past perfect with a participle plus بود and use it to place one completed event before another past reference point.
Future with خواستنA2 — Build the explicit Persian future with conjugated خواه plus a bare past stem, including negation, compound predicates, and its formal register.
Intention with می‌خواهم versus Arrangement with قرار استA2 — Contrast personal intention with می‌خواهم + subjunctive and an arrangement or expectation with قرار است + subjunctive.
Present Subjunctive FormationA2 — Form the Persian present subjunctive with بـ, the present stem, and personal endings, including vowel allomorphy, preverbs, compounds, irregulars, and stress.
Negative Present SubjunctiveA2 — Form the negative Persian subjunctive with stressed نـ instead of بـ, including compounds, lexical preverbs, irregular داشتن, and modal contrasts.
خواستن plus SubjunctiveA2 — Use lexical خواستن with finite subjunctive complements for same- and different-subject wants, and distinguish clausal wanting from wanting an object.
باید plus SubjunctiveA2 — Use invariant باید with a finite Persian subjunctive for obligation and advice, and distinguish prohibition from absence of necessity.
شاید and ممکن استA2 — Express epistemic possibility with شاید and ممکن است, choosing subjunctive mood, optional که, word order, and the intended scope of negation.
توانستن plus SubjunctiveA2 — Use توانستن for ability and circumstantial possibility, with finite subjunctive complements, pro-drop, negation scope, and impersonal می‌توان.
لازم است and بهتر استA2 — Express impersonal necessity and advice with لازم است and بهتر است, including optional که, subject expression, negation scope, and register.
Permission with اجازه دادن and داشتنA2 — Distinguish granting permission with اجازه دادن from having permission with اجازه داشتن, including complement subjects, sources, negation, and polite requests.
Affirmative Imperative with بA2 — Build familiar singular commands from the Persian present stem, including simple, prefixed, and compound verbs.
Polite and Plural Imperatives in یدA2 — Use the shared ـید imperative to address several people or one person politely, and soften requests naturally.
Negative Imperative with نA2 — Form Persian prohibitions with نـ, place negation correctly in simple and compound verbs, and control their social force.
Irregular Imperatives برو، بیا، بگو، بدهA2 — Master four high-frequency Persian commands whose present stems, vowel junctions, and spoken forms require special attention.
Hortative بیا and بیاییدA2 — Invite someone to act together with بیا or بیایید followed by a first-plural Persian subjunctive.
Passive with شدن: First PatternA2 — Build the basic Persian passive with a past participle or compound-predicate base plus شدن, promoting the patient and placing tense on the auxiliary.
Passive in Present and PastA2 — Conjugate Persian passives across present, past, negative, and perfect forms while controlling agreement, agent suppression, and result-state ambiguity.
Causative in اندن and انیدنA2 — Recognize Persian morphological causatives in ـاندن and ـانیدن, their derived stems and added arguments, and the lexical limits on forming new causatives.
Transitive and Intransitive Pairs with کردن and شدنA2 — Contrast کردن predicates that introduce a causer with شدن predicates whose subject undergoes a change, including passive-like translations and lexical restrictions.
Impersonal می‌شودA2 — Use impersonal می‌شود for possibility, permission, and generic action, and distinguish it from agreeing passive and lexical شدن constructions.
Impersonal می‌توانA2 — Use invariant formal می‌توان with a short infinitive for generic ability and possibility, and distinguish it from personal توانستن and impersonal می‌شود.
Past Obligation and AbilityA2 — Express past duties and abilities with باید می‌کرد, formal می‌بایست, توانست, and می‌توانست while tracking whether the action actually occurred.
Participles as Resultative AdjectivesA2 — Use Persian past participles such as شکسته, بسته, and نشسته as invariant result-state adjectives and distinguish states from perfect or passive events.
Tense Choice in Temporal ClausesA2 — Choose tense and mood after وقتی, قبل از اینکه, بعد از اینکه, and تا by tracking factuality, event order, and future time.
Real Conditionals with اگرA2 — Build real Persian conditionals with اگر, choosing indicative or subjunctive conditions and natural present, future, modal, or imperative results.
Unreal Present ConditionalsA2 — Describe imagined present situations with Persian past-imperfective forms, stative past forms, and modal results.
Reported Speech and Tense RetentionA2 — Report Persian statements with که while retaining meaningful tense and adjusting person, place, and time reference.
Infinitives after PrepositionsA2 — Build compact Persian purpose and time phrases with برای, قبل از, بعد از, and بدون plus a noun-like long infinitive.
Prefix Ordering in Negative VerbsA2 — Place Persian negative نـ correctly before می‌ or the verb stem, around lexical preverbs, and inside compound and auxiliary constructions.

B1 Aspect, Modality, and Clause Integration

The Present Perfect as an EvidentialB1 — Interpret Persian present perfects as reported or inferred past events while tracking source, speaker commitment, register, and witnessed-past contrasts.
Stative Perfects for Present PostureB1 — Understand why Persian perfect forms such as نشسته است, ایستاده است, and خوابیده است usually describe a posture that holds now.
Perfect SubjunctiveB1 — Form and use the Persian perfect subjunctive—رفته باشم and its paradigm—to place an earlier event inside doubt, possibility, desire, or evaluation.
Clause Chaining with Past ParticiplesB1 — Use invariant Persian past participles to compress completed background actions before a finite narrative clause while keeping subject reference clear.
Narrative Choice among Simple Past, می‌ Past, and PerfectB1 — Choose Persian past forms by discourse viewpoint: simple past for foreground events, می‌ past for background, and perfect forms for prior results and reports.
Result State versus Perfect EventB1 — Distinguish Persian state predicates such as در باز است from perfect change-of-state and passive clauses such as در باز شده است.
Present-as-Future versus خواهد FutureB1 — Choose naturally between the ordinary present used for future time and the explicit خواهد future in plans, predictions, promises, and formal prose.
قرار است for Plans and ExpectationsB1 — Use قرار است and قرار بود to describe schedules, expectations, intended actions, and plans that may or may not happen.
باید for Deduction about the PastB1 — Build evidence-based deductions about completed events with باید plus the perfect subjunctive, and distinguish them from past obligation.
کاش and WishesB1 — Express open hopes, contrary-to-fact present wishes, and past regrets with کاش and the verb form appropriate to each time viewpoint.
Unreal Past ConditionalsB1 — Describe missed past possibilities and their imagined results with past-perfect اگر clauses, imperfective or modal results, and natural ellipsis.
Mixed ConditionalsB1 — Connect an unreal cause in one time period to its imagined consequence in another with natural Persian tense pairings.
Indirect Commands and RequestsB1 — Direct a request through خواستن از, گفتن به, and related verbs followed by a finite Persian subjunctive clause.
Reported Yes-No QuestionsB1 — Coordinate two independent Persian verbal timelines when reporting yes-no questions, adjusting person, deixis, aspect, and polarity without automatic backshift.
Reported Wh-QuestionsB1 — Choose Persian tense, aspect, agreement, person, and deixis independently in the matrix and embedded domains of reported wh-questions.
Reported CommandsB1 — Transform direct Persian imperatives into reported subjunctive clauses while adjusting actor, deixis, negation, complementizers, and register.
Passive across the Tense and Mood SystemB1 — Carry Persian passive bases through subjunctive, perfect, future, modal, negative, and agreement patterns by conjugating the شدن layer.
Avoiding the Passive with Third-Plural ActivesB1 — Use referential or arbitrary third-plural active verbs to background a human actor, especially where English prefers a passive.
Expressing the Passive Agent with توسطB1 — Use formal توسط agent phrases accurately, distinguish them from از طرف and causal phrases, and know when an active clause is clearer.
Lexical Passive-Like Compounds with خوردنB1 — Understand passive-like compounds such as فریب خوردن, شکست خوردن, and کتک خوردن as lexical predicates rather than syntactic شدن passives.
The Full Causative ParadigmB1 — Conjugate established Persian morphological causatives across past, present, subjunctive, imperative, perfect, future, and passive forms while tracking valency.
Causative and Anticausative Compound PairsB1 — Contrast Persian change-of-state compounds in شدن or افتادن with their causative partners in کردن or انداختن, including argument structure and lexical restrictions.
Experiencer Predicates with EncliticsB1 — Analyze Persian predicates in which a clitic identifies the person experiencing a liking, aversion, bodily state, pain, sleepiness, or mental event.
Lexical and Separable PreverbsB1 — Understand lexical preverbs such as بر and در, including how می‌ and نـ intervene inside forms of برگشتن, درآمدن, and برخاستن.
Verb Ellipsis in CoordinationB1 — Omit a recoverable Persian verb, light verb, or auxiliary across coordinated clauses while preserving parallel structure, agreement, and clarity.
Auxiliary and Copula OmissionB1 — Recognize when Persian omits or shares a copula or perfect auxiliary in conversation, coordination, and headlines—and when an overt form is required.
Generic Impersonal PredicatesB1 — Express general human agents and agentless possibilities with third-plural verbs, می‌شود, باید, and می‌توان without confusing them with true passives.
Duration with است کهB1 — Use مدت است که and چند وقت است که to measure situations continuing to the present, and contrast them with finished past durations.
طول کشیدن for DurationB1 — Use طول کشیدن to say how long an event takes, choose its event subject, and build finite تا clauses for reaching an endpoint.
شدن as Become, Happen, Possible, and PassiveB1 — Distinguish lexical, change-of-state, event, impersonal-modal, and passive uses of شدن through complement shape, agreement, and argument structure.
کردن as Do, Make, Cause, and Light VerbB1 — Distinguish literal کردن, causative adjective predicates, and noun-plus-light-verb compounds while learning each compound's complete valency.
Phase Verbs شروع کردن and ادامه دادنB1 — Use شروع کردن and ادامه دادن with event nouns and controlled infinitives, while keeping subject, aspect, and register distinctions clear.
Completion with تمام کردن، تمام شدن، به پایان رسیدنB1 — Distinguish agentive تمام کردن from intransitive تمام شدن and formal به پایان رسیدن, including endpoint and result-state readings.
Inceptive and Change-of-State PredicatesB1 — Interpret lexical compounds with شدن، گرفتن، افتادن, and آمدن as changes or onsets while respecting their argument structure and idiomatic limits.
Iteration and RepetitionB1 — Express one repeated event or an ongoing series with دوباره، باز، هی, and تکرار کردن, coordinating adverb position with Persian aspect.
Modal لازم بودن، مجبور بودن، امکان داشتنB1 — Build necessity, compulsion, and possibility with Persian predicates whose subject and complement patterns differ from English modal auxiliaries.
Supposition with انگار and گویاB1 — Use انگار and گویا to present appearances and inferences while controlling mood, tense, evidential distance, and register.
Perception Verbs with Finite ComplementsB1 — Build finite complements after دیدن, شنیدن, and حس کردن, distinguishing whole clauses from را-marked perceived participants.
Finite Complement Clauses with کهB1 — Use که to connect speech, thought, emotion, and evaluation predicates to finite clauses with independent subjects, tense, and mood.
Modal Sequence in Past NarrativesB1 — Maintain a coherent past viewpoint across obligation, ability, intention, and inference while keeping outcomes and embedded times distinct.

B2 Formal and Layered Verbal Grammar

Formal Progressive در حالB2 — Form the در حال progressive with an infinitive and copula, and distinguish its formal process focus from conversational داشتن progressives.
Continuous SubjunctiveB2 — Build and interpret forms such as می‌رفته باشد for an ongoing or habitual past situation placed inside possibility, doubt, or another nonasserted domain.
Past Perfect SubjunctiveB2 — Parse and use the rare layered form رفته بوده باشم when a proposition is both anterior to a past reference point and subject to present modality.
Evidential Continuous PastB2 — Use می‌رفته است and related forms for reported or reconstructed past habits and ongoing scenes, while distinguishing them from ordinary می‌رفت narration.
Future PerfectB2 — Interpret the marked construction رفته خواهد بود, form its auxiliary stack correctly, and choose more natural Persian deadline constructions in ordinary use.
Future in the PastB2 — Express plans, expectations, intentions, and later events from a past viewpoint with قرار بود, می‌خواست, بنا بود, and natural reported-speech alternatives.
Formal Passive with گردیدن and گشتنB2 — Recognize administrative گردیدن and literary گشتن as marked alternatives to شدن in passive and change-of-state predicates.
مورد ... قرار گرفتن PassivesB2 — Use and edit the formal مورد + action noun + قرار گرفتن construction, including its agreement, agent suppression, and active alternatives.
Passive, Anticausative, and Result AmbiguityB2 — Diagnose whether شدن predicates describe an externally caused passive event, a spontaneous change, or a resulting state.
Separable Preverbs with می، ب، and نB2 — Place aspect, subjunctive, and negative morphology correctly inside lexical verbs beginning with بر، در، فرو, and باز.
Object Clitics inside Compound VerbsB2 — Track a Persian object clitic through the tense, aspect, mood, auxiliary, and voice morphology of a compound predicate.
Object Clitics on Infinitives and ParticiplesB2 — Interpret enclitics on nominal infinitives, passive infinitives, perfect auxiliaries, and participial noun phrases without confusing object and possessor roles.
Agentless Constructions across RegistersB2 — Choose among Persian passives, generic third plurals, impersonal modals, middle readings, and nominalizations according to agency and register.
Historical Present in NarrativeB2 — Switch from a Persian past baseline into the historical present for vivid scenes, quotations, and biographical narration, then return coherently.
Journalistic Verb-Subject InversionB2 — Keep Persian agreement, tense, aspect, voice, and compound-predicate morphology intact when a journalistic subject follows the verb.
Optative باد and مبادB2 — Interpret and use باد, بادا, مباد, and مبادا in blessings, slogans, wishes, and warnings, with modern paraphrases and register guidance.
Copula Ellipsis in Formal ProseB2 — Recognize when formal Persian omits a recoverable copula in parallel predicates, headlines, labels, and dense nominal prose—and when omission creates ambiguity.
Narrative که as Sudden WhenB2 — Use background clause + که + foreground event to present an interruption or sudden narrative turn in Persian.
Stacked Irrealis and Modal ScopeB2 — Interpret Persian clauses in which negation, possibility, obligation, perfect subjunctive, and conditionality take scope over one another.
Verb Choice in Academic ArgumentB2 — Choose among نشان دادن، حاکی بودن، دلالت کردن, and مطرح کردن to calibrate evidence, inference, and commitment in academic Persian.

C1 Literary and Historical Verb Grammar

Literary Simple Present without می‌C1 — Recognize the prefixless present indicative in Classical and elevated Persian, distinguish it from the modern subjunctive, and modernize it accurately.
Classical همی and Early Imperfective MarkingC1 — Read early and classical همی with present and past forms as a mobile precursor of modern imperfective می‌, with attention to genre and period.
Classical Aorist and Prefixless PresentsC1 — Interpret classical present-stem forms without می‌ by using aspect, modality, genre, and clause context rather than modern morphology alone.
Historical ب on Past and Present FormsC1 — Interpret historical بـ on past and present stems through aspect, modality, lexical structure, period, and poetic context.
Absolute Participial ConstructionsC1 — Interpret subject, voice, time, and editorial punctuation in detached participial clauses from earlier and literary Persian.
Serial and Coordinated Verb CompressionC1 — Distinguish coordinated, asyndetic, and serial-like verb sequences by their shared arguments, event structure, aspect, and register.
Source-to-Modern Shifts in Modal SyntaxC1 — Read older بایستن, شایستن, and توانستن by separating historical inflection and complement patterns from their modern modal descendants.
Grammaticalization of AuxiliariesC1 — Trace how داشتن, خواستن, شدن, and بودن acquire progressive, future, passive, and perfect functions while retaining lexical uses.
Aspectual Coercion and Lexical AspectC1 — Explain how Persian می‌, perfects, progressives, objects, and repetition reshape the temporal profile of states, activities, accomplishments, and achievements.
Verbal Density in Bureaucratic PersianC1 — Unpack dense administrative predicates built from nominalization, light verbs, passive chains, and abstract vocabulary, then revise them without losing legal force.
Editing Auxiliary StacksC1 — Parse and revise layered Persian predicates by tracking scope, the one finite agreement site, negation, clitic hosts, and processing cost.
Historical Agreement and Impersonal ConstructionsC1 — Interpret older Persian number agreement, honorific plurals, collective inanimates, and impersonal modal frames without silently modernizing the text.

C2 Philological Mastery

The Classical Persian Verb System in OverviewC2 — Synthesize the two-stem Classical Persian verb system, its mobile aspectual particles, past and perfect formations, moods, auxiliaries, and modern mappings.
Archaic Subjunctive, Optative, and Injunctive FormsC2 — Analyze historical بـ and مـ forms, the optative in ـاد, باد formulas, prohibitives, poetic alternation, and manuscript ambiguity.
Editing Variant Verb Readings in Unpointed TextsC2 — Evaluate homographic stems and auxiliary readings through morphology, syntax, meter, manuscript comparison, and explicitly documented editorial vocalization.

Word Formation

Compounds and Borrowed Patterns

Noun-Noun and Noun-Stem CompoundsB1 — Analyze Persian noun compounds through head direction, verbal-stem relations, stress, lexical spelling, semantic opacity, and outer-edge plural marking.
Compound Adjectives with ParticiplesB1 — Learn how Persian builds adjectives such as دل‌شکسته and شناخته‌شده, how their internal meanings differ, and when spelling reveals an adjective rather than a verb phrase.
Reduplication as Word FormationB1 — Recognize and use exact repetition, echo words, and fixed paired forms for gradual, distributive, and expressive meanings in Persian.
Arabic Active and Passive ParticiplesB1 — Recognize inherited فاعل and مفعول word patterns while using their Persian meanings, syntax, pronunciation, and plurals rather than rebuilding Arabic grammar.
Arabic Verbal-Noun PatternsB2 — Use frequent تفعیل, مفاعله, افعال, افتعال, and استفعال shapes to recognize Persian word families without inventing unattested Arabic-derived words.
Arabic Elatives and Relational FormsB2 — Recognize lexical افعل elatives and integrate relational adjectives in ی into Persian comparison, ezâfe, agreement, and register.
Productive Modern Suffixes پذیر، خواه، ساز، گینB2 — Build and interpret modern formations in پذیر، خواه، ساز، and گین while respecting their different meanings, spelling, base selection, and degrees of productivity.
Similarity Suffixes وار، آسا، مانندB2 — Choose among ـوار, ـآسا, and ـمانند for manner and resemblance, and contrast them with independent مثل and مانند phrases.

Historical and Editorial Morphology

Persian and Arabic Elements in Hybrid WordsC1 — Analyze Persian–Arabic hybrid words by their modern boundaries, pronunciation, spelling, register, and relationship to purist alternatives.
Historical Prefixes and Fossilized DerivationC1 — Distinguish productive and lexical uses of فرا، فرو، بر، باز، and اندر from opaque look-alikes and historically fossilized formations.
Philological Reconstruction of Word FamiliesC2 — Reconstruct Persian word families responsibly using attestations, sound change, stem alternation, borrowing history, and explicit editorial uncertainty.

Productive Persian Morphology

Building Words without Inflectional GenderA1 — Recognize Persian roots, stems, suffixes, compounds, and word families while keeping nouns and adjectives invariant for gender.
Abstract Nouns with یA2 — Build and interpret Persian abstract nouns with ـی, including their spelling after vowels, stress, range of meanings, and lexicalized uses.
Action Nouns with شA2 — Form and interpret Persian action nouns with present-stem ـش, including glide insertion, productivity, register, and lexical competition.
Agent Nouns with ندهA2 — Form and use Persian agent nouns with present-stem ـنده, including occupational readings, gender neutrality, plurals, and lexical exceptions.
Place and Container Suffixes گاه، خانه، دان، زارA2 — Recognize and use Persian گاه، خانه، دان, and زار formations while distinguishing place, venue, container, and abundance meanings.
Negative Prefixes بی and ناB1 — Distinguish privative بی‌ formations from contrary نا formations, their lexical limits, spelling, and their contrast with finite verb negation.
Associative Prefix همB1 — Build and interpret associative هم words for shared roles and relations while separating the prefix from additive and correlative هم.

Writing System

Advanced Orthography

Hamza and Eyn in Iranian Persian SpellingB2 — Recognize ء, ئ, ؤ, and ع, understand hamza seats and hiatus, and handle accepted Iranian spelling variants without importing Arabic pronunciation.
Arabic Loan Letters and Homophonous SpellingsB2 — Learn why several Persian letters share one pronunciation, how Arabic loan spellings are retained, and how to verify an uncertain spelling.
Word Division in Compounds and DerivativesC1 — Choose solid spelling, ZWNJ, or a full space in Persian compounds and derivatives, and search safely across real-world variants.
Orthographic Variation before and after Academy StandardizationC1 — Recognize older Persian spellings, apply modern Academy conventions, and distinguish faithful transcription from normalization.
Reading Nastaʿlīq and Older Print StylesC1 — Read Nastaʿlīq, Shikasta-Nastaʿlīq, lithographs, and early Persian type by reconstructing logical letters from visual stacks and sweeps.
Unicode Forensics for Persian EditorsC2 — Diagnose invisible controls, presentation forms, confusable Persian characters, and clean text without changing its linguistic skeleton.

Foundations

Persian Script: What the Abjad RecordsA1 — Learn what Persian spelling writes explicitly, what it normally leaves unmarked, and how readers recover the intended word.
Right-to-Left Reading and Mixed-Direction TextA1 — Understand Persian visual order, logical character order, punctuation, numbers, and Latin insertions in right-to-left lines.
The Thirty-Two Persian LettersA1 — Meet the Persian alphabet in dictionary order, with its letter names, core sound values, and Persian-specific additions.
Joining Forms: Isolated, Initial, Medial, FinalA1 — Learn why one Persian letter changes shape according to its cursive connections and how fonts choose each form.
The Seven Non-Connecting LettersA1 — Recognize alef, dâl, zâl, re, ze, zhe, and vâv as letters that break the following cursive join inside Persian words.
Persian Kaf and Yeh: ک and یA1 — Recognize, type, and search with the Persian forms ک and ی instead of their deceptively similar Arabic Unicode counterparts.
Alef, Alef-Madda, and Written Long âA1 — Distinguish ا from آ and learn where Persian writes the long vowel â at the beginning, middle, and end of words.
Be, Pe, Te, Se: ب پ ت ثA1 — Read and type the four related letters ب پ ت ث by dot pattern, joining shape, and their modern Iranian Persian sound values.
Jim, Che, He, Khe: ج چ ح خA1 — Master the shared shapes and contrasting dot patterns of ج چ ح خ, with the Persian values j, ch, h, and kh.
Dâl through Zhe: د ذ ر ز ژA1 — Read and type د ذ ر ز ژ as non-connecting letters, while distinguishing their spellings despite merged z sounds.
Sin, Shin, Sâd, Zâd: س ش ص ضA1 — Read and write the four fully connecting Persian letters س، ش، ص، and ض while separating their shapes from their modern Iranian pronunciations.
Tâ, Zâ, Eyn, Gheyn: ط ظ ع غA1 — Learn the joining shapes and Iranian Persian readings of ط، ظ، ع، and غ, including the special behavior of eyn and the gh/q merger.
Fe, Qâf, Kâf, Gâf: ف ق ک گA1 — Distinguish and connect ف، ق، ک، and گ, with special attention to Persian kaf, gaf, and Iranian qâf pronunciation.
Lâm, Mim, Nun, Vâv, He, YeA2 — Master six high-frequency Persian letters, including the multiple vowel and consonant readings of و and ی and the two roles of final ه.
Reading Your First Unpointed WordsA2 — Use visible long vowels, familiar word structure, and sentence context to read کتاب، خانه، نان، آب، and مرد without short-vowel marks.

Word Boundaries and Input

Spaces, Half-Spaces, and the Zero-Width Non-JoinerA2 — Learn how Persian distinguishes word spaces, invisible half-spaces, and natural cursive breaks inside a word.
Typing Persian on a Standard KeyboardA2 — Set up a Persian layout and type letters, digits, punctuation, and ZWNJ in correct logical and Unicode form.
Persian Punctuation: ، ؛ ؟ and MoreA2 — Use Persian commas, semicolons, question marks, quotation marks, and brackets correctly in right-to-left text.
Persian Digits ۰۱۲۳۴۵۶۷۸۹A2 — Read and type Persian digits, keep multi-digit numbers in place-value order, and use Persian decimal and thousands separators.
Vowel Signs for Learning and TTSA2 — Understand Persian fathe, kasre, damme, sukun, tashdid, and tanvin, and how fully marked spokenForm guides audio without altering normal spelling.
Shadda, Tanvin, and Other Arabic DiacriticsA2 — Learn which Arabic-derived marks still matter in Iranian Persian, when editors retain them, and which signs belong only to pointed or Qur'anic text.
Final He and the Written Ezâfe Form ه‌یB1 — Distinguish final he pronounced as -e from final /h/, and write ezâfe after -e with the house form ه‌ی.
The Prefixes می‌ and نمی‌B1 — Type the imperfective prefixes می‌ and نمی‌ with ZWNJ, place them correctly in simple and compound verbs, and recognize colloquial spellings.
Plural ها and Comparative تر with ZWNJB1 — Write productive ها, تر, and ترین boundaries correctly, including ezâfe forms, vowel-final hosts, and lexicalized exceptions.