Academic Persian repeatedly uses multiword bundles to show how one proposition relates to evidence, a comparison set, or a research procedure. با توجه به frames a relevant consideration, بر اساس names an evidential basis, در مقایسه با establishes a comparison, از این رو presents an inference, and مورد بررسی joins light verbs to describe analysis.
These bundles are not decorative synonyms for “formal.” Each makes a specific relation explicit and usually takes a nominal complement. Good academic style selects the smallest bundle that accurately states the writer's commitment.
The Bundle Map
| Bundle | Function | Following structure | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
| با توجه به | considering, in view of | noun phrase; اینکه + clause | formal/academic |
| بر اساس | on the basis of | evidence, rule, or source noun phrase | formal/academic |
| در مقایسه با | compared with | explicit comparison standard | neutral-formal/academic |
| از این رو | therefore, for this reason | new finite clause | formal/academic |
| مورد بررسی | object/status of examination | قرار دادن / قرار گرفتن | formal/academic |
با توجه به: Framing a Relevant Consideration
با توجه به + noun phrase means “considering” or “in view of.” It commonly opens a sentence, but it can follow the subject when the scope remains clear. The final به is part of the bundle and introduces what the writer takes into account.
با توجه به محدودیت زمان، مرحلهی دوم به هفتهی آینده موکول شد.
bâ tavajjoh be mahdudiyyat-e zamân, marhale-ye dovvom be hafte-ye âyande mowkul shod.
Given the time constraint, the second phase was postponed until next week. (formal)
نتایج با توجه به تفاوت حجم نمونه تفسیر شدهاند.
natâyej bâ tavajjoh be tafâvot-e hajm-e nemune tafsir shode-and.
The results have been interpreted in view of the difference in sample size. (academic)
When the complement must be a finite proposition, use با توجه به اینکه. The spelling اینکه creates a clause boundary; it does not license omission of به.
با توجه به اینکه دادهها کامل نیستند، نتیجهگیری قطعی ممکن نیست.
bâ tavajjoh be inke dâde-hâ kâmel nistand, natije-giri-ye qat'i momken nist.
Given that the data are incomplete, a definitive conclusion is not possible. (academic stance)
بر اساس: Naming a Basis
بر اساس + noun phrase cites the evidence, criterion, statute, model, or source on which a claim or action rests. Its complement is typically specific enough to be identifiable: بر اساس دادههای جدول، بر اساس مادهی پنجم، بر اساس این الگو.
بر اساس دادههای سرشماری، جمعیت منطقه کاهش یافته است.
bar asâs-e dâde-hâ-ye sarshomâri, jam'iyyat-e mantaqe kâhesh yâfte ast.
According to the census data, the region's population has decreased. (academic/formal)
نمونهها بر اساس سن شرکتکنندگان دستهبندی شدند.
nemune-hâ bar asâs-e senn-e sherkat-konandegân daste-bandi shodand.
The samples were classified according to the participants' age. (academic method)
این تصمیم بر اساس آییننامهی تازه گرفته شده است.
in tasmim bar asâs-e âyin-nâme-ye tâze gerefte shode ast.
This decision was made on the basis of the new regulations. (formal administrative)
بر اساس can report a source without endorsing every part of it, but it still presents that source as the stated basis. If the writer merely wants to mention a relevant circumstance, با توجه به is safer.
در مقایسه با: Establishing the Comparison Set
در مقایسه با + noun phrase names the standard against which another value is evaluated. The compared dimensions must be recoverable: cost with cost, rate with rate, or one period with another. Persian often places the baseline early and the focused difference near the predicate.
مصرف انرژی در مقایسه با سال گذشته دوازده درصد کمتر شده است.
masraf-e enerzhi dar moqâyese bâ sâl-e gozashte davâzdah darsad kam-tar shode ast.
Energy consumption has fallen by twelve percent compared with last year. (academic report)
گروه دوم در مقایسه با گروه کنترل پاسخ سریعتری نشان داد.
goruh-e dovvom dar moqâyese bâ goruh-e kontrol pâsokh-e sari'-tari neshân dâd.
The second group showed a faster response than the control group. (academic)
در مقایسه با روش قبلی، این الگوریتم حافظهی کمتری مصرف میکند.
dar moqâyese bâ ravesh-e qabli, in algoritm hâfeze-ye kam-tari masraf mi-konad.
Compared with the previous method, this algorithm uses less memory. (academic)
The phrase does not repair a false comparison. If two noun phrases denote different dimensions, rewrite the measured variables rather than adding در مقایسه با.
از این رو: Drawing an Inference
از این رو is a clause-linking bundle meaning “therefore” or “for this reason” (formal/academic). It points backward to a reason established in prior discourse and introduces its consequence. Everyday conversation more often uses برای همین.
پرسشنامه بدون نام تکمیل شد؛ از این رو، پاسخها به افراد مشخصی نسبت داده نمیشوند.
porsesh-nâme bedun-e nâm takmil shod; az in ru, pâsokh-hâ be afrâd-e moshakhkhasi nesbat dâde nemi-shavand.
The questionnaire was completed anonymously; therefore, the responses are not attributed to identified individuals. (academic)
دو متغیر همبستگی بالایی دارند؛ از این رو، اثر مستقل آنها باید با احتیاط تفسیر شود.
do motaghayyer ham-bastegi-ye bâlâyi dârand; az in ru, asar-e mostaqell-e ân-hâ bâyad bâ ehtiyât tafsir shavad.
The two variables are highly correlated; therefore, their independent effects must be interpreted cautiously. (academic stance)
A causal connector cannot create evidence. If the second claim does not follow from the first, از این رو overstates the argument.
مورد بررسی: Packaging Research Procedure
مورد بررسی is a nominal bundle, not a finite verb. Academic prose combines it with قرار دادن when an agent examines something and قرار گرفتن when the examined item is foregrounded. Simpler بررسی کردن / بررسی شدن is often clearer.
پژوهشگران سه فرضیه را مورد بررسی قرار دادند.
pazhuheshgarân se farziye râ mowred-e barrasi qarâr dâdand.
The researchers examined three hypotheses. (academic; agent foregrounded)
در این بخش، پیامدهای اقتصادی طرح مورد بررسی قرار میگیرند.
dar in bakhsh, payâmad-hâ-ye eqtesâdi-ye tarh mowred-e barrasi qarâr mi-girand.
In this section, the plan's economic consequences are examined. (academic; topic foregrounded)
در مرحلهی نخست، پژوهشگر پاسخهای ناقص را بررسی کرد.
dar marhale-ye nokhost, pazhuheshgar pâsokh-hâ-ye nâqes râ barrasi kard.
In the first stage, the researcher examined the incomplete responses. (clearer active alternative)
The longer construction can be appropriate when procedural status matters. Repeating it in every sentence produces avoidable nominal density. See Nominal Density in Academic Prose.
Bundles inside a Connected Paragraph
بر اساس نتایج اولیه، میان دو گروه تفاوت معناداری دیده نشد. با توجه به حجم محدود نمونه، این نتیجه باید با احتیاط تفسیر شود. در مرحلهی بعد، اثر سن مورد بررسی قرار میگیرد؛ از این رو، هنوز نمیتوان دربارهی کل جمعیت حکم قطعی داد.
bar asâs-e natâyej-e avvaliye, miyân-e do goruh tafâvot-e ma'nâdâri dide na-shod. bâ tavajjoh be hajm-e mahdud-e nemune, in natije bâyad bâ ehtiyât tafsir shavad. dar marhale-ye ba'd, asar-e senn mowred-e barrasi qarâr mi-girad; az in ru, hanuz nemi-tavân darbâre-ye koll-e jam'iyyat hokm-e qat'i dâd.
According to the preliminary results, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Given the limited sample size, this result must be interpreted cautiously. In the next phase, the effect of age will be examined; therefore, no definitive judgment about the whole population can yet be made. (original academic paragraph)
Common Mistakes
1. Dropping the final به from با توجه به
❌ با توجه محدودیت بودجه، طرح کوچکتر شد.
Malformed — the bundle requires به before its nominal complement.
✅ با توجه به محدودیت بودجه، طرح کوچکتر شد.
bâ tavajjoh be mahdudiyyat-e budje, tarh kuchek-tar shod.
Given the budget constraint, the plan was scaled down.
2. Stacking two source prepositions
❌ بر اساس از نتایج آزمایش، روش تغییر کرد.
Malformed — بر اساس itself selects the basis; do not add از before its complement.
✅ بر اساس نتایج آزمایش، روش تغییر کرد.
bar asâs-e natâyej-e âzmâyesh, ravesh taghyir kard.
The method was changed on the basis of the test results.
3. Omitting the comparison standard
❌ در مقایسه، هزینهی این روش کمتر است با روش قبلی.
Malformed — با and its comparison standard belong together inside در مقایسه با.
✅ هزینهی این روش در مقایسه با روش قبلی کمتر است.
hazine-ye in ravesh dar moqâyese bâ ravesh-e qabli kam-tar ast.
This method's cost is lower than that of the previous method.
4. Using از این رو without an inference
⚠️ نمونه کوچک بود؛ از این رو، پرسشنامه سه بخش داشت.
nemune kuchek bud; az in ru, porsesh-nâme se bakhsh dâsht.
The sample was small; therefore, the questionnaire had three sections. Grammatical, but the stated facts do not establish the claimed causal inference.
✅ نمونه کوچک بود؛ از این رو، تعمیم نتایج محدود است.
nemune kuchek bud; az in ru, ta'mim-e natâyej mahdud ast.
The sample was small; therefore, the generalizability of the results is limited.
Key Takeaways
- با توجه به frames a relevant condition; بر اساس identifies the stated evidential or regulatory basis.
- در مقایسه با must name a coherent comparison standard.
- از این رو asserts that the following clause follows from prior reasoning.
- مورد بررسی needs a light-verb frame such as قرار دادن or قرار گرفتن; simpler بررسی کردن may be clearer.
- Academic bundles manage stance and information structure. More bundles do not automatically produce stronger scholarship.
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