با توجه به bâ tavajjoh be “considering, given” treats its complement as information that should guide a conclusion or decision. با وجود bâ vojud-e “despite, in spite of” does nearly the opposite: it names a circumstance that would normally favor a different result. Compare با توجه به باران، برنامه لغو شد “given the rain, the event was canceled” with با وجود باران، برنامه برگزار شد “despite the rain, the event took place.”
Both are compound prepositions, but their internal grammar differs. با توجه به ends in the ordinary preposition به, whereas با وجود ends in the noun وجود and connects to its complement through ezâfe. That contrast predicts both the pronunciation and the kinds of learner errors each phrase attracts.
The construction map
| Construction | Core relation | Pattern | Typical register |
|---|---|---|---|
| با توجه به | relevant fact → decision or conclusion | با توجه به + noun phrase | neutral standard; especially common in careful speech and formal prose |
| با توجه به اینکه | relevant proposition → decision or conclusion | با توجه به اینکه + finite clause | neutral standard and formal |
| با وجود | obstacle or contrary expectation | با وجودِ + noun phrase | neutral standard; frequent in reporting and argument |
| با وجود اینکه | unexpected result despite a proposition | با وجود اینکه + finite clause | neutral standard; careful speech and writing |
با توجه به پیشبینی هوا، برنامه را تغییر دادیم.
bâ tavajjoh be pish-bini-ye havâ, barnâme râ taghyir dâdim.
Given the weather forecast, we changed the plan. (neutral standard)
با وجود باران، کنسرت در فضای باز برگزار شد.
bâ vojud-e bârân, konsert dar fazâ-ye bâz bargozâr shod.
Despite the rain, the concert was held outdoors. (neutral standard)
The first sentence presents the forecast as a sensible basis for changing the plan. The second activates an expectation—rain would normally prevent an outdoor concert—and then overturns it. This is not merely a vocabulary difference: it changes the logical relation between the opening phrase and the main clause.
How the two phrases are built
In با توجه به گزارش “considering the report,” the final به directly introduces گزارش. There is no ezâfe after توجه, and no extra preposition belongs between به and the complement. The sequence is fixed: با + توجه + به.
In با وجود مشکل “despite the problem,” وجود behaves like the head of an ezâfe phrase. Consonant-final ezâfe is not written, so the target shows simply وجود مشکل, but the link must be heard as vojud-e moshkel. Longer complements preserve all their internal ezâfe links.
با توجه به تجربهی شما، کدام راه عملیتر است؟
bâ tavajjoh be tajrobe-ye shomâ, kodâm râh amali-tar ast?
Considering your experience, which approach is more practical? (polite standard)
با وجود کمبود وقت، گزارش نهایی کامل و دقیق بود.
bâ vojud-e kambud-e vaqt, gozâresh-e nahâyi kâmel o daqiq bud.
Despite the shortage of time, the final report was complete and accurate. (formal)
English speakers sometimes treat despite as the simple equivalent of با, because English with and Persian با overlap elsewhere. Here, however, با وجود is a unit. Bare با مشکل means “with the problem” and does not itself instruct the reader to infer a violated expectation.
Nominalizing an event
Both compound prepositions naturally select a noun phrase. Persian therefore often packages an event as an action noun or a light-verb noun rather than inserting a finite verb directly: افزایش هزینهها “the increase in costs,” تغییر برنامه “the change of schedule,” لغو پرواز “the cancellation of the flight.” This compact style is especially common (formal) in reports, notices, and academic prose.
با توجه به افزایش هزینهها، بودجهی طرح دوباره بررسی میشود.
bâ tavajjoh be afzâyesh-e hazine-hâ, budje-ye tarh dobâre barrasi mi-shavad.
Given the increase in costs, the project budget will be reviewed again. (formal)
با وجود لغو پرواز، بیشتر مسافران همان شب به مقصد رسیدند.
bâ vojud-e laghv-e parvâz, bishtar-e mosâferân hamân shab be maqsad residand.
Despite the flight cancellation, most passengers reached their destination that same night. (formal/news style)
The nominalized event does not express tense or person by itself; the surrounding context supplies them. This is efficient when the event is already known, but too many nested action nouns can make prose heavy. In ordinary conversation, an اینکه clause is often clearer.
The internal structure of forms such as افزایش هزینهها is treated in Nominalized Infinitives.
Restructuring a full clause with اینکه
When the relevant or obstructive circumstance needs its own subject, tense, negation, or modal meaning, add اینکه and use a finite clause. با توجه به اینکه corresponds to “given that” or “considering that.” با وجود اینکه corresponds to “although/despite the fact that.”
با توجه به اینکه فردا تعطیل است، جلسه را به شنبه منتقل کردیم.
bâ tavajjoh be inke fardâ ta'til ast, jalase râ be shanbe montaqel kardim.
Given that tomorrow is a holiday, we moved the meeting to Saturday. (neutral standard)
با وجود اینکه دیر رسیده بود، اجازه دادند وارد شود.
bâ vojud-e inke dir reside bud, ejâze dâdand vâred shavad.
Although he or she had arrived late, they allowed them to enter. (neutral standard; gender is unspecified)
Here اینکه introduces the proposition; it is not the ordinary noun complement that would follow ezâfe. The established pronunciation is nevertheless bâ vojud-e inke. For the wider family of concessive clause linkers, see Concession with اگرچه and هرچند.
In spontaneous speech, چون may replace با توجه به اینکه when the relation is simply causal, while با اینکه is a common neutral alternative to با وجود اینکه in both speech and writing, especially in conversation. These are not always stylistically interchangeable: با توجه به اینکه foregrounds evidence used in reasoning, and با وجود اینکه gives deliberate weight to the obstacle.
Position and information structure
Both phrases may occur before or after the main clause. Initial position frames the circumstance before the listener evaluates the result; this is common in explanations, decisions, and argumentative prose. Final position sounds more like an added justification or concession.
اکنون این گزینه منطقیتر است، با توجه به اطلاعاتی که داریم.
aknun in gozine manteqi-tar ast, bâ tavajjoh be ettelâ'âti ke dârim.
For now, this option is more reasonable, considering the information we have. (careful spoken/standard)
پیشنهادش پذیرفته نشد، با وجود حمایت چند عضو هیئت.
pishnehâd-ash pazirofte nashod, bâ vojud-e hemâyat-e chand ozv-e hey'at.
The proposal was not accepted, despite the support of several committee members. (formal)
A short workplace exchange
— چرا جلسه را آنلاین کردید؟ — با توجه به تعطیلی مترو، این راه برای همه آسانتر بود.
— cherâ jalase râ ânlâyn kardid? — bâ tavajjoh be ta'tili-ye metro, in râh barâ-ye hame âsân-tar bud.
— Why did you make the meeting online? — Given the metro shutdown, this option was easier for everyone. (neutral spoken)
— کسی حضوری نیامد؟ — چرا، با وجود تعطیلی، دو نفر آمدند.
— kasi hozuri nayâmad? — cherâ, bâ vojud-e ta'tili, do nafar âmadand.
— Didn't anyone come in person? — Yes, despite the shutdown, two people came. (neutral spoken; چرا answers a negative question affirmatively)
The exchange uses the same shutdown first as a reason and then as an obstacle. That is the most important generalization: the complement itself does not choose the preposition; the relationship between that circumstance and the asserted result does.
Common Mistakes
1. Replacing the fixed final به with از
❌ با توجه از گزارش، تصمیم را عوض کردیم.
Incorrect — the fixed construction is با توجه به, not با توجه از.
✅ با توجه به گزارش تازه، تصمیم را عوض کردیم.
bâ tavajjoh be gozâresh-e tâze, tasmim râ avaz kardim.
Given the new report, we changed the decision.
2. Dropping the ezâfe after وجود in pronunciation
❌ با وجود مشکل، کار تمام شد.
bâ vojud moshkel, kâr tamâm shod
Incorrect reading — وجود links to its complement with audible -e.
✅ با وجود مشکل جدی، کار تمام شد.
bâ vojud-e moshkel-e jeddi, kâr tamâm shod.
Despite a serious problem, the work was completed.
3. Putting a finite clause directly after the compound preposition
❌ با وجود دیر رسیده بود، او را پذیرفتند.
Incorrect — a finite clause here needs اینکه; otherwise use a nominalized expression.
✅ با وجود اینکه دیر رسیده بود، نامش را در فهرست گذاشتند.
bâ vojud-e inke dir reside bud, nâm-ash râ dar fehrest gozâshtand.
Although he or she had arrived late, they put their name on the list.
4. Adding را to the prepositional complement
❌ با توجه به شرایط را، سفر را عقب انداختیم.
Incorrect — شرایط is governed by به and cannot also be marked by را.
✅ با توجه به شرایط جاده، سفر را عقب انداختیم.
bâ tavajjoh be sharâyet-e jâdde, safar râ aqab andâkhtim.
Considering the road conditions, we postponed the trip.
Key Takeaways
- با توجه به makes a circumstance relevant evidence for a conclusion or choice.
- با وجود presents a circumstance whose normal expectation the main clause overturns.
- The complement follows به directly in با توجه به, but follows audible ezâfe in با وجودِ.
- Use noun phrases for compact event packaging and اینکه + finite clause when tense, person, or negation must be explicit.
- Initial placement frames the reader’s reasoning; final placement supplies an afterthought-like justification or concession.
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- به خاطر and به دلیلA2 — Express cause and motive with بهخاطر and formal بهدلیل, preserve their ezâfe linkage, and choose noun-phrase or finite-clause alternatives.
- بر اساس and طبقB1 — Distinguish evidence or basis with بر اساس from accordance and attributed authority with طبق.
- علیرغم، بهرغم، صرفنظر ازB1 — Distinguish formal علیرغم and بهرغم ‘despite’ from صرفنظر از ‘regardless of,’ with correct ZWNJ spelling, ezâfe, and clausal complements.
- Nominalized InfinitivesB2 — How Persian long infinitives function as action nouns, retain verbal participants, and contrast with fully finite clauses.
- Concession with اگرچه and با اینکهB1 — Link a real obstacle to an unexpected result with اگرچه or با اینکه, while controlling register, clause order, mood, and optional ولی.