زندگی کردن is the ordinary neutral Persian verb for “to live” in the sense of conducting one's life or residing somewhere. It is a compound predicate: زندگی supplies the lexical idea of life, while کردن carries person, tense, aspect, mood, and negation. Thus Persian says زندگی میکنم، زندگی کردم، زندگی نکن, never inflecting زندگی itself.
English uses one verb in “live in Tabriz,” “live for ninety years,” “live with my parents,” and “be alive.” Persian uses زندگی کردن for the first three, but normally زنده بودن for the biological state “be alive.” That distinction matters more than any one-word dictionary gloss.
Principal parts of the whole predicate
| Form | Persian | Romanization | Use/register |
|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | زندگی کردن | zendegi kardan | to live; neutral |
| past base | زندگی کرد | zendegi kard | زندگی کردم |
| present base | زندگی کن | zendegi kon | زندگی میکنم |
| past participle | زندگی کرده | zendegi karde | زندگی کردهام |
| imperative | زندگی کن / زندگی کنید | zendegi kon / zendegi konid | live; usually exhortative |
| negative imperative | زندگی نکن / زندگی نکنید | zendegi nakon / zendegi nakonid | do not live; generally contextual or modified |
The bare command زندگی کن! is possible as an emotional exhortation—“Live!”—but ordinary instructions usually add manner or place: اینطور زندگی نکن “Don't live like this.” Like other current کردن compounds, the neutral subjunctive is زندگی کنم, without obligatory affirmative بـ on the light verb. The general pattern is introduced on Compound Verbs in the Present.
بعد از دانشگاه چند سال در رشت زندگی کردم.
ba'd az dâneshgâh chand sâl dar Rasht zendegi kardam.
After university, I lived in Rasht for several years. (neutral standard)
امیدوارم هر جا هستی خوب زندگی کنی.
omidvâram har jâ hasti khub zendegi koni.
I hope you live well wherever you are. (neutral; present subjunctive)
High-value paradigm
| Person | Present | Simple past | Present perfect | Present subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | زندگی میکنم | زندگی کردم | زندگی کردهام | زندگی کنم |
| you (sg.) | زندگی میکنی | زندگی کردی | زندگی کردهای | زندگی کنی |
| he/she/it | زندگی میکند | زندگی کرد | زندگی کرده است | زندگی کند |
| we | زندگی میکنیم | زندگی کردیم | زندگی کردهایم | زندگی کنیم |
| you (pl./polite) | زندگی میکنید | زندگی کردید | زندگی کردهاید | زندگی کنید |
| they | زندگی میکنند | زندگی کردند | زندگی کردهاند | زندگی کنند |
Negatives are زندگی نمیکنم، زندگی نکردم، زندگی نکردهام، زندگی نکنم. The imperfective می and negative نـ belong to کردن, while زندگی remains a separate word. The present stem is regular کنـ, not کردـ.
تا حالا تنها زندگی نکردهام، ولی از ماه بعد در خانهی خودم زندگی میکنم.
tâ hâlâ tanhâ zendegi nakarde-am, vali az mâh-e ba'd dar khâne-ye khod-am zendegi mi-konam.
I have never lived alone, but starting next month I'll live in my own place. (neutral standard)
Location and co-residence
A residence location normally follows در: در تهران زندگی کردن. In careful spoken and written Persian, در is neutral. تو / توی is everyday and more concrete, and in Tehran speech it is extremely common: توی کرج زندگی میکنم. Neither the city nor the house is a direct object, so it does not take object marker را.
خواهرم نزدیک دانشگاه زندگی میکند و پیاده سر کار میرود.
khâhar-am nazdik-e dâneshgâh zendegi mi-konad va piyâde sar-e kâr mi-ravad.
My sister lives near the university and walks to work. (neutral standard)
فعلا با دوستم در یک آپارتمان کوچک زندگی میکنم.
fe'lan bâ dust-am dar yek âpârtemân-e kuchek zendegi mi-konam.
For now I live with my friend in a small apartment. (neutral spoken standard)
Here با دوستم identifies a co-resident, not merely a companion present during an activity. Context distinguishes “live with” from “share one's life with” in a broader sense. A temporary visit is normally expressed with ماندن: سه شب خانهی دوستم ماندم “I stayed at my friend's for three nights.” زندگی کردن suggests a residence or continuing way of life, not an overnight stay.
Duration and time span
Persian often places the duration before the predicate: پنج سال آنجا زندگی کردم. For a situation that began in the past and still holds, current Persian favors either پنج سال است که... or از سال ۱۳۹۸... with a present verb. Unlike English, Persian does not need a present perfect simply because English says “have lived.”
هفت سال است که در این محله زندگی میکنیم.
haft sâl ast ke dar in mahalle zendegi mi-konim.
We have lived in this neighborhood for seven years. (neutral standard; still true)
پدربزرگم از سال ۱۳۴۵ تا پایان عمرش در همان خانه زندگی کرد.
pedarbozorg-am az sâl-e 1345 tâ pâyân-e omr-ash dar hamân khâne zendegi kard.
My grandfather lived in that same house from 1345 SH until the end of his life. (neutral narrative; completed span)
Simple past presents a completed residence; present زندگی میکنیم presents a current state. Present perfect زندگی کردهام is natural for accumulated experience—در چند کشور زندگی کردهام “I have lived in several countries”—but it does not by itself guarantee that the last residence continues now.
زندگی کردن, زنده بودن, and زیستن
زنده بودن means “be alive” and contrasts with being dead. زندگی کردن describes residing or carrying on a life. A person can therefore زنده باشد ولی زندگی نکند in a rhetorical sense: biologically alive but not truly living. English obscures this lexical division because live covers both.
خوشبختانه هر سه کوهنورد زنده هستند و حالشان خوب است.
khoshbakhtâne har se kuhnavard zende hastand va hâl-eshân khub ast.
Fortunately, all three mountaineers are alive and doing well. (neutral standard; biological state)
زیستن “to live, dwell” is a simple verb with past stem زیستـ and present stem زیـ. It remains current in (literary) prose, elevated reflection, and some (academic) biological or sociological writing, but it is not the ordinary conversational choice for one's address. در صلح زیستن “to live in peace” sounds elevated; در اصفهان زندگی میکنم is normal everyday information.
انسان برای زیستن در این اقلیم به آب پایدار نیاز دارد.
ensân barâ-ye zistan dar in eqlim be âb-e pâydâr niyâz dârad.
Humans need a stable water supply to live in this climate. (academic/elevated)
Tehran conversational forms
Everyday Tehran speech (informal, regional: Tehran) reduces third-person and plural endings: زندگی میکنه، زندگی میکنیم، زندگی میکنین، زندگی میکنن. It also favors توی for many concrete locations. First singular زندگی میکنم remains close to the standard form.
ما فعلا توی خونهی پدرم زندگی میکنیم تا خونهمون آماده بشه.
mâ fe'lan tu-ye khune-ye pedar-am zendegi mi-konim tâ khune-mun âmâde beshe.
For now we're living at my father's house until our place is ready. (informal, regional: Tehran)
چند وقته اینجا زندگی میکنین؟
chand vaqte injâ zendegi mi-konin?
How long have you been living here? (informal, regional: Tehran; polite/plural)
Common Mistakes
1. Treating a city as a direct object
❌ من تهران را زندگی میکنم.
Incorrect — the residence location is a در phrase, not a direct object.
✅ من در جنوب تهران زندگی میکنم.
man dar jonub-e Tehrân zendegi mi-konam.
I live in the south of Tehran.
2. Putting می on the noun
❌ او در خوابگاه میزندگی کند.
Incorrect — tense and agreement belong to کردن.
✅ او در خوابگاه دانشجویی زندگی میکند.
u dar khâbgâh-e dâneshjuyi zendegi mi-konad.
She lives in a student dormitory.
3. Using زندگی کردن merely to say that someone is alive
❌ نگران نباش؛ بیمار هنوز زندگی است.
Incorrect — biological ‘alive’ is زنده بودن, not زندگی بودن.
✅ نگران نباش؛ بیمار هنوز زنده است.
negarân nabâsh; bimâr hanuz zende ast.
Don't worry; the patient is still alive.
4. Separating the imperfective prefix
❌ خانوادهام در یزد زندگی می کنند.
Incorrect standard orthography — می attaches with a ZWNJ.
✅ بیشتر اعضای خانوادهام در یزد زندگی میکنند.
bishtar-e a'zâ-ye khânevâde-am dar Yazd zendegi mi-konand.
Most members of my family live in Yazd.
Key Takeaways
- زندگی کردن is a two-word predicate; inflect کردن: زندگی میکنم، کردم، کردهام، کنم.
- A residence location takes در or informal تو / توی, not را; a co-resident takes با.
- Use a present construction for a residence continuing now, even where English prefers “have lived.”
- زنده بودن means “be alive”; زیستن is literary, elevated, or academic rather than normal address talk.
- Standard میکند / میکنند correspond to Tehran میکنه / میکنن.
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- Compound Verbs in the PresentA1 — Conjugate Persian compound verbs by keeping the nonverbal element stable and placing present-tense marking on the light verb.
- Compound Verbs in Past TensesA2 — Keep the nonverbal element stable while the light verb carries simple-past, imperfective, negative, and progressive morphology.
- Duration with است کهB1 — Use مدت است که and چند وقت است که to measure situations continuing to the present, and contrast them with finished past durations.
- کردن kardan: to Do and MakeA1 — Reference guide to کردن as a lexical verb, a causative partner, and Persian’s most productive light verb.
- ماندن mândan: to StayA2 — Use ماندن for staying, remaining, and continuing in a state, with its مان/ماند stems, compounds, and تهران speech forms.