کردن kardan can mean “do, perform,” but its much larger role is to carry tense and agreement in compound predicates such as کار کردن “work,” تمیز کردن “clean,” and دانلود کردن “download.” It also forms many transitive change predicates: گرم کردن “make warm,” beside intransitive گرم شدن “become warm.”
This breadth does not make کردن a universal equivalent of English do or make. Persian uses انجام دادن for carrying out many tasks, ساختن for constructing objects, and stored light-verb combinations that must be learned whole. This page is a lexeme reference; the architecture of the light-verb system is developed separately.
Principal parts
| Form | Persian | Reading | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | کردن | kardan | dictionary form |
| past stem | کرد | kard- | کردم، کار کردم |
| present stem | کن | kon- | میکنم، کار کنم |
| past participle | کرده | karde | کردهام |
| imperative | بکن / کن؛ بکنید / کنید | bokon / kon; bokonid / konid | affirmative; prefix often omitted in compounds |
| negative imperative | نکن؛ نکنید | nakon; nakonid | all modern registers |
The present stem کن must be memorized; کرد belongs to the past system. Standard orthography writes میکنم and نمیکنم with a ZWNJ after the prefix. In compound verbs the nonverbal part remains separate: بررسی میکنم, not a single written word and not میبررسی کنم.
High-value paradigm
| Person | Present indicative | Simple past | Present perfect | Present subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | میکنم | کردم | کردهام | بکنم / کنم |
| you (sg.) | میکنی | کردی | کردهای | بکنی / کنی |
| he/she/it | میکند | کرد | کرده است | بکند / کند |
| we | میکنیم | کردیم | کردهایم | بکنیم / کنیم |
| you (pl./polite) | میکنید | کردید | کردهاید | بکنید / کنید |
| they | میکنند | کردند | کردهاند | بکنند / کنند |
Both subjunctive variants occur. With lexical “do,” چه بکنم؟ is common and can sound emphatic; چه کنم؟ is compact and fully standard. In compound predicates, prefixless کار کنم، باز کنم، بررسی کنید is extremely frequent and often preferred. The negative replaces either affirmative pattern with نکنـ: کار نکنم، باز نکنید.
این دستگاه در هر ساعت صد بطری پر میکند.
in dastgâh dar har sâ'at sad botri por mi-konad.
This machine fills one hundred bottles per hour. (neutral standard; transitive change predicate)
امروز همهی کارهای بانکیام را انجام دادم.
emruz hame-ye kâr-hâ-ye bânki-am râ anjâm dâdam.
Today I took care of all my banking tasks. (neutral standard; انجام دادن rather than universal کردن)
گزارش نهایی را پیش از جلسه آماده کردهایم.
gozâresh-e nahâyi râ pish az jalase âmâde karde-im.
We have prepared the final report before the meeting. (formal-neutral; present perfect compound)
اگر پنجره را باز کنیم، اتاق خنکتر میشود.
agar panjare râ bâz konim, otâq khonak-tar mi-shavad.
If we open the window, the room will get cooler. (neutral standard; prefixless subjunctive in a compound)
Lexical “do” and causative “make”
As a semantically full verb, کردن asks or states what someone did: چه کار کردی؟. With an adjective or result expression, it often adds an external causer and an affected object: خبر مرا خوشحال کرد “the news made me happy.” The object is ordinarily marked by را when specific.
با نسخهی اصلی قرارداد چه کار کردی؟
bâ noskhe-ye asli-ye qarârdâd che kâr kardi?
What did you do with the original copy of the contract? (neutral conversation; lexical چه کار کردن)
خبر قبولیاش همهی خانواده را خوشحال کرد.
khabar-e qabuli-ash hame-ye khânevâde râ khoshhâl kard.
The news of their acceptance made the whole family happy. (neutral standard; causative adjective + کردن)
Compare در را باز کردم “I opened the door” with در باز شد “the door opened.” The first selects an agent and affected object; the second presents the affected participant as subject. The contrast is lexical as well as grammatical, so it is treated with شدن on the next reference page.
The productive light verb
Persian readily combines کردن with Iranian vocabulary, Arabic-origin nouns, and modern loans: کار کردن، بررسی کردن، رزرو کردن، اسکن کردن. Productivity means new conventional predicates can arise; it does not mean any noun plus کردن is automatically idiomatic. تصمیم گرفتن “decide” and گوش دادن “listen” use different light verbs.
کارشناس تا فردا همهی درخواستها را بررسی میکند.
kârshenâs tâ fardâ hame-ye darkhâst-hâ râ barrasi mi-konad.
The specialist will review all the applications by tomorrow. (formal-neutral; established light-verb predicate)
خواهش میکنم نسخهی امضاشده را در این پوشه آپلود کنید.
khâhesh mi-konam noskhe-ye emzâ-shode râ dar in pushe âplod konid.
Please upload the signed copy to this folder. (neutral technical register; productive loan + کردن)
Prepositions belong to the whole lexical predicate: به چیزی فکر کردن, برای هدفی تلاش کردن, از کسی تشکر کردن. English cannot predict them. Record the complement frame along with the infinitive.
هنوز دارم به پیشنهاد تازهی شما فکر میکنم.
hanuz dâram be pishnehâd-e tâze-ye shomâ fekr mi-konam.
I am still thinking about your new proposal. (neutral spoken standard; فکر کردن به)
For the underlying division among literal, causative, and light uses, see کردن as Do, Make, Cause, and Light Verb.
Standard and Tehran forms
Everyday Tehran usually preserves کن but reduces endings: میکنم، میکنی، میکنه، میکنیم، میکنین، میکنن (informal: Tehran). Commands are commonly کن، کنین. Standard writing requires میکند، میکنید، میکنند، کنید. Do not add formal ـد to the colloquial میکنه.
— داری چیکار میکنی؟ — دارم فایلها رو مرتب میکنم.
— dâri chikâr mi-koni? — dâram fâyl-hâ ro morattab mi-konam.
— What are you doing? — I'm organizing the files. (informal: Tehran)
Common Mistakes
1. Carrying the past stem into the present
❌ او هر هفته گزارش را میکردد.
Incorrect — present forms use کن, not past stem کرد plus a present ending.
✅ او هر هفته گزارش فروش را بهروز میکند.
u har hafte gozâresh-e forush râ be-ruz mi-konad.
He or she updates the sales report every week.
2. Putting می on the nonverbal element
❌ من این موضوع را میبررسی کنم.
Incorrect — می attaches to the light verb: بررسی میکنم.
✅ من این موضوع را با مدیر گروه بررسی میکنم.
man in mowzu' râ bâ modir-e goruh barrasi mi-konam.
I will discuss this matter with the group manager.
3. Translating every English “make” with کردن
❌ نجار یک میز چوبی کرد.
Incorrect for constructing furniture — use ساختن.
✅ نجار برای اتاق کارم یک میز چوبی ساخت.
najjâr barâ-ye otâq-e kâr-am yek miz-e chubi sâkht.
The carpenter made a wooden desk for my study.
4. Mixing colloquial and standard endings
❌ شما این فرم را چطور پر میکنهاید؟
Incorrect — میکنه is already finite and cannot take perfect ending ـاید; the perfect is کردهاید.
✅ شما این فرم را چطور پر کردهاید؟
shomâ in form râ chetor por karde-id?
How have you filled out this form? (polite standard)
5. Writing productive pieces as separate words
❌ هر روز این فهرست را به روز می کنم.
Incorrect standard orthography — بهروز and میکنم require ZWNJ, not ordinary spaces.
✅ هر روز پیش از ظهر این فهرست را بهروز میکنم.
har ruz pish az zohr in fehrest râ be-ruz mi-konam.
Every day before noon, I update this list.
Key Takeaways
- Memorize کردن — کرد — کن — کرده; only the light verb receives tense and person marking.
- Literal “do,” causative adjective + کردن, and noun + light کردن have related form but distinct argument structures.
- Affirmative بـ is often omitted in compound subjunctives and imperatives; negative نکنـ is stable.
- Productivity does not remove lexical selection: learn the complete predicate and its required preposition.
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- Compound Verbs in the PresentA1 — Conjugate Persian compound verbs by keeping the nonverbal element stable and placing present-tense marking on the light verb.
- کردن as Do, Make, Cause, and Light VerbB1 — Distinguish literal کردن, causative adjective predicates, and noun-plus-light-verb compounds while learning each compound's complete valency.
- Compound Verbs as Single Lexical PredicatesA1 — Learn why Persian noun- or adjective-plus-verb combinations function as one predicate and must be stored with their light verb and complement pattern.