گردیدن gardidan: to Become or Be Passivized | Farsi Grammar

گردیدن has two connected but synchronically distinct lives. As a lexical verb, it can mean “turn, become, circulate, or wander” (literary/formal). As an auxiliary-like verb in modern official prose, it replaces شدن in change-of-state and passive expressions: نتیجه اعلام گردید “the result was announced” (formal/administrative).

The second use is highly visible in regulations, minutes, legal notices, and institutional correspondence, but it is not inherently more precise than شدن. In ordinary Iranian conversation—and often in clear contemporary prose—نتیجه اعلام شد conveys the same event more naturally.

Principal parts and complete paradigm

Form	Persian	Romanization	Typical use
infinitive	گردیدن	gardidan	to turn/become; formal passive auxiliary
past stem	گردیدـ	gardid-	گردید
present stem	گردـ	gard-	می‌گردد
past participle	گردیده	gardide	گردیده است
subjunctive	بگردد / بررسی گردد	be-gardad / barrasi gardad	lexical / compound-passive pattern
negative	نمی‌گردد / نگردید	nemi-gardad / na-gardid	does not become / was not done

The past stem is گردیدـ and the present stem is گردـ. The six-person forms below are fully grammatical. In the administrative auxiliary, however, third-person forms—especially singular گردید، می‌گردد، گردد، گردیده است with an inanimate subject—overwhelmingly predominate because the affected document, request, or result is usually the subject.

Person	Present indicative	Simple past	Present perfect	Present subjunctive
I	می‌گردم	گردیدم	گردیده‌ام	بگردم
you (sg.)	می‌گردی	گردیدی	گردیده‌ای	بگردی
he/she/it	می‌گردد	گردید	گردیده است	بگردد
we	می‌گردیم	گردیدیم	گردیده‌ایم	بگردیم
you (pl./polite)	می‌گردید	گردیدید	گردیده‌اید	بگردید
they	می‌گردند	گردیدند	گردیده‌اند	بگردند

پس از بازبینی نهایی، متن کوتاه‌تر گردید.

pas az bâzbini-ye nehâyi, matn kutâh-tar gardid.

After the final revision, the text became shorter. (formal change of state)

در این روایت، دوست قدیمی به دشمنی سرسخت بدل می‌گردد.

dar in revâyat, dust-e qadimi be doshmani sarsakht badal mi-gardad.

In this narrative, an old friend turns into a bitter enemy. (literary/academic analysis)

لازم است مسیر خروج به‌روشنی علامت‌گذاری گردد.

lâzem ast masir-e khoruj be-rowshani alâmat-gozâri gardad.

The exit route must be marked clearly. (formal/administrative subjunctive passive)

Lexical change of state

As a copular or change-of-state verb, گردیدن links a subject to a resulting property, role, or condition. Adjectives and nouns before it are predicates, not past participles. Thus هوا سرد گردید means “the weather became cold”; there is no hidden agent who “colded” the weather.

با پایان اعتصاب، فعالیت کارخانه دوباره عادی گردید.

bâ pâyân-e e'tesâb, fa'âliyyat-e kârkhâne dubâre âdi gardid.

When the strike ended, the factory’s operations returned to normal. (formal written standard)

اگر این فرض پذیرفته شود، نتیجه روشن‌تر می‌گردد.

agar in farz pazirofte shavad, natije rowshan-tar mi-gardad.

If this assumption is accepted, the conclusion becomes clearer. (academic/formal)

Modern شدن is the neutral alternative in both examples: عادی شد، روشن‌تر می‌شود. The choice of گردیدن raises the register; it does not add a special completed aspect or greater objectivity.

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Before calling گردیدن passive, ask whether the preceding word describes a resulting state. In هوا سرد گردید, سرد is a predicate adjective, so the clause means “became cold,” not “was colded.”

Formal passive auxiliary

In a canonical passive, an affected participant becomes the clause's subject and the actor is backgrounded. With a کردن-type complex predicate, formal Persian replaces the light verb with گردیدن: نامه ارسال گردید. With a simple verb, گردیدن follows the past participle: نامه فرستاده گردید. The auxiliary bears tense, mood, negation, and agreement.

نتیجه‌ی بررسی عصر دیروز اعلام گردید.

natije-ye barrasi asr-e diruz e'lâm gardid.

The review result was announced yesterday afternoon. (formal/administrative passive)

نسخه‌ی امضاشده برای همه‌ی اعضا ارسال گردیده است.

noskhe-ye emzâ-shode barâ-ye hame-ye a'zâ ersâl gardide ast.

The signed copy has been sent to all members. (formal/administrative perfect passive)

درخواست‌ها بر اساس تاریخ ثبت بررسی می‌گردند.

darkhâst-hâ bar asâs-e târikh-e sabt barrasi mi-gardand.

Applications are reviewed according to their registration date. (formal/administrative habitual passive)

پیشنهاد شد متن پیش از انتشار دوباره ویرایش گردد.

pishnehâd shod matn pish az enteshâr dubâre virâyesh gardad.

It was proposed that the text be edited again before publication. (formal subjunctive passive)

With many Arabic-derived or nominal predicates such as اعلام کردن، ارسال کردن، بررسی کردن, formal passive formation replaces active کردن with شدن or گردیدن: اعلام کرد → اعلام گردید. It does not retain active کرده before the auxiliary. With a simple verb, the genuine participle remains: نامه را فرستادند → نامه فرستاده گردید.

For the broader contrast, see formal passive with گشتن and گردیدن.

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In a کردن compound, swap the light verb: بررسی کرد → بررسی گردید. With a simple transitive verb, build a participle: فرستاد → فرستاده گردید. These are different morphological routes to a passive reading.

Why the subjunctive often lacks بـ

Standalone lexical گردیدن forms its ordinary affirmative subjunctive with بـ: بگردد. In passive or resultative compounds, the material before the verb occupies the preverbal lexical position, so the frequent formal pattern is بررسی گردد، روشن گردد، اجرا گردد, parallel to بررسی شود. Adding بـ in these fixed compound patterns is not the normal editorial choice.

ضروری است همه‌ی بندها پیش از امضا کنترل گردند.

zaruri ast hame-ye band-hâ pish az emzâ kontrol gardand.

All clauses must be checked before signature. (formal/administrative subjunctive passive)

Motion history and surviving lexical senses

The older lexical center of گردیدن involves turning, moving around, or wandering. Classical and later literary texts use it much more broadly than contemporary conversation does (literary; some senses archaic). Modern words such as گردش “circulation/excursion” and compounds with برگشتن / برگرداندن preserve related spatial imagery, but present-day speakers do not normally use گردیدن as their everyday verb for “walk around.”

مسافر روزی چند در کوچه‌های شهر می‌گردید.

mosâfer ruzi chand dar kuche-hâ-ye shahr mi-gardid.

For several days, the traveler wandered through the city’s alleys. (constructed literary example; older lexical motion sense)

This sentence is structurally ambiguous outside context because می‌گردید can also be second-person plural present “you turn/become.” Literary narration and surrounding agreement normally resolve the reading. The everyday verb for wandering around is usually گشتن or چرخیدن, depending on meaning.

ساقی در میان مهمانان گردید و جام‌ها را پر کرد.

sâqi dar miyân-e mehmânân gardid va jâm-hâ râ por kard.

The cupbearer moved among the guests and filled the cups. (constructed literary example; roaming sense)

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Historical relatedness does not make every modern occurrence equally lexical. In نامه ارسال گردید, speakers process گردید as formal passive machinery; in an older motion description, it retains a concrete turning or roaming sense.

Administrative style versus modern neutral prose

Institutional writers often choose می‌گردد because it sounds impersonal and official. That register association can be useful in a regulation, but repeated می‌گردد، خواهد گردید، گردیده است produces heavy bureaucratic prose. Neutral می‌شود، خواهد شد، شده است is normally clearer and no less grammatical.

مدارک پس از تأیید نهایی در سامانه منتشر می‌شود.

madârek pas az ta'yid-e nehâyi dar sâmâne montasher mi-shavad.

The documents are published in the system after final approval. (neutral modern prose; شدن alternative)

توی حرف عادی می‌گیم درخواست بررسی می‌شه، نه بررسی می‌گرده.

tu-ye harf-e âdi mi-gim darkhâst barrasi mi-she, na barrasi mi-garde.

In ordinary conversation we say ‘the request gets reviewed,’ not the گردیدن version. (informal, regional: Tehran; explicit register contrast)

The colloquial می‌گرده is morphologically possible, but the administrative passive itself rarely belongs in spontaneous Tehran conversation. Its conversational appearance often quotes, mocks, or paraphrases an official notice.

Common Mistakes

1. Marking the passive subject with را

❌ درخواست را دیروز بررسی گردید.

Incorrect — درخواست is the passive subject, not a definite direct object.

✅ درخواست دیروز در کمیته بررسی گردید.

darkhâst diruz dar komite barrasi gardid.

The request was reviewed by the committee yesterday. (formal/administrative)

2. Attaching می‌ to the nonverbal component

❌ پرونده می‌ثبت گردد.

Incorrect — tense/aspect marking belongs on گردیدن, while ثبت remains fixed.

✅ پرونده پس از پرداخت ثبت می‌گردد.

parvande pas az pardâkht sabt mi-gardad.

The file is registered after payment. (formal/administrative)

3. Retaining کرده in the passive of a کردن compound

❌ فرم تکمیل کرده گردید.

Incorrect — passive compound formation replaces کردن rather than stacking کرده before گردیدن.

✅ فرم پس از کنترل مشخصات تکمیل گردید.

form pas az kontrol-e moshakhkhasât takmil gardid.

The form was completed after the details were checked. (formal/administrative)

4. Using an infinitive where a finite past verb is required

❌ پاسخ نامه هفته‌ی پیش ارسال گردیدن.

Incorrect — a completed clause needs finite third-person singular گردید.

✅ پاسخ نامه هفته‌ی پیش ارسال گردید.

pâsokh-e nâme hafte-ye pish ersâl gardid.

The reply to the letter was sent last week. (formal/administrative)

5. Doubling the third-person ending

❌ وضعیت با هر تغییر پیچیده‌تر می‌گردیدد.

Incorrect — present-stem گرد plus د gives می‌گردد.

✅ وضعیت با هر تغییر پیچیده‌تر می‌گردد.

vaz'iyyat bâ har taghyir pichide-tar mi-gardad.

The situation becomes more complicated with every change. (formal written standard)

Key Takeaways

Memorize past گردیدـ and present گردـ.
Read adjective/noun + گردیدن as change of state unless a genuine passive derivation supports an affected subject.
Formal passive گردیدن bears tense, mood, negation, and agreement; the affected participant is the subject and takes no را.
In کردن compounds, replace کردن with گردیدن; with simple verbs, retain the past participle.
شدن is the neutral modern alternative. گردیدن is useful formal or literary vocabulary, not a universally superior substitute.

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