Catalan Grammar Guide

Welcome to the Elon.io Catalan Grammar Guide. 733 topics across every area of Catalan grammar, tagged by CEFR level so you can find the right page for your level.

A190 pagesA2228 pagesB1197 pagesB2118 pagesC179 pagesC221 pages

Start Here (A1)

New to Catalan? These are the foundation topics every beginner needs.

A1 Learning Path — A staged route from Catalan sounds and noun agreement to present-tense survival interaction, with review loops and mastery checkpoints.
Adjective Agreement — Learn how Catalan adjectives match a noun in gender and number, including four-form, two-form, and common spelling patterns.
Regular Masculine and Feminine Forms — Build Catalan adjective gender forms, including consonant-to-a, o-to-a, unchanged endings, and spelling-preserving alternations.
Adjective Plurals — Form Catalan adjective plurals with -s, -es, and -os, including spelling changes, invariant colors, and coordinated-noun agreement.
Basic Adverb Types and Position — Recognize Catalan adverbs of manner, time, place, degree, and viewpoint, and place them according to meaning, scope, and conversational focus.
Adverbs in -ment — Form Catalan adverbs in -ment from feminine adjectives, keep the right accent, and coordinate them without copying the Spanish pattern.
Annotated Dialogue: Meeting Someone — Follow a natural first meeting through Catalan greetings, names, ser, present-tense verbs, omitted subjects, and the choice between tu and vostè.
Annotated Dialogue: At a Café — Order naturally in a Catalan café with voldria, em posa, quantities, weak pronouns, service articles, thanks, and polite intonation.
Annotated Dialogue: Asking for Directions — Ask for and confirm street directions with on, hi ha, polite imperatives, place prepositions, distance expressions, and reference-tracking pronouns.
Annotated Dialogue: A Typical Day — Describe a daily routine with pronominal verbs, Catalan clock time, the present tense, frequency expressions, and natural subject omission.
Definite Articles: el, la, els, les — Choose and place Catalan definite articles by gender and number, with Central pronunciation and the main regional paradigms.
Article Elision: l’ — Form l' from el or la before vowels and silent h, while preserving la in the contexts that block elision.

Learner Paths

Guided Sequences

A1 Learning PathA1 — A staged route from Catalan sounds and noun agreement to present-tense survival interaction, with review loops and mastery checkpoints.
A2 Learning PathA2 — A sequenced route through Catalan past narration, everyday weak pronouns, prepositions, commands, and connected personal texts.
B1 Learning PathB1 — A spiral curriculum for Catalan past contrasts, foundational subjunctive, relative clauses, clitic combinations, reported speech, and sustained narration.
B2 Learning PathB2 — A staged B2 route through perfect subjunctives, voice, complex subordination, information structure, formal writing, variation, and news analysis.
C1 Learning PathC1 — A sequenced C1 route from advanced mood and syntax to regional awareness, close reading, and sustained academic and literary production.
C2 Learning PathC2 — A C2 route through historical and dialectal comparison, legal and philological registers, textual criticism, and near-native editorial judgment.

Adjectives

Advanced Modification

Adjective ComplementsB1 — Build adjective phrases with selected prepositions, infinitives, finite que-clauses, and the resuming pronouns en and hi.
Coordinated AdjectivesB1 — Coordinate Catalan adjectives accurately, using agreement, conjunctions, and punctuation to distinguish shared descriptions from contrasting groups.
Substantivized AdjectivesB1 — Use Catalan adjectives without an overt noun to identify people, recover omitted nouns, and refer to abstract qualities.
Relational and Classifying AdjectivesB1 — Recognize Catalan adjectives that classify a noun by domain or type, and understand their limits on degree, position, and coordination.
Intensifying and Hedging AdjectivesB1 — Control the degree and pragmatic force of Catalan adjectives with molt, ben, força, prou, massa, gaire, suffixes, and softening expressions.

Agreement

Adjective AgreementA1 — Learn how Catalan adjectives match a noun in gender and number, including four-form, two-form, and common spelling patterns.
Regular Masculine and Feminine FormsA1 — Build Catalan adjective gender forms, including consonant-to-a, o-to-a, unchanged endings, and spelling-preserving alternations.
Adjective PluralsA1 — Form Catalan adjective plurals with -s, -es, and -os, including spelling changes, invariant colors, and coordinated-noun agreement.

Position and Meaning

Adjective Position Before and After the NounB1 — Choose Catalan adjective position by distinguishing neutral description, classification, evaluation, fixed orders, and information structure.
Adjectives Whose Meaning Changes with PositionB1 — Interpret Catalan adjective pairs in which prenominal evaluation or scope contrasts with postnominal literal and restrictive meaning.
Shortened and Special Prenominal FormsA2 — Use bon, mal, gran, gros, primer, and tercer correctly before Catalan nouns without importing Spanish apocopation rules.
Comparatives with Més, Menys, Millor, and PitjorA2 — Compare qualities and quantities with més, menys, millor, pitjor, que, and de.
Relative and Absolute SuperlativesA2 — Distinguish the best within a group from a very high degree with el més, molt, ben, -íssim, and lexical intensifiers.
Adjectives with Ser and EstarB1 — Choose ser for characterization and estar for attained states, while recognizing adjectives whose meaning changes with the copula.
Past Participles as AdjectivesB1 — Use past participles as agreeing adjectives for resultant states and distinguish them from perfect tenses and eventive passives.

Style and Variation

Agreement with Mixed-Gender and Inclusive GroupsC1 — Handle adjective agreement in mixed-gender groups and choose clear inclusive wording for contemporary Catalan.
Literary Adjective OrderC1 — Read and use marked adjective placement in Catalan prose and poetry without losing agreement, scope, or clarity.
Regional Adjective MorphologyC1 — Recognize standard regional adjective forms and preferences while keeping one coherent Catalan agreement system.

Adverbs

Advanced Style

Ordering Multiple AdverbialsC1 — Order Catalan viewpoint, time, place, manner, and focus adverbials by scope, weight, and information structure rather than by a rigid template.
From Adverb to Discourse MarkerC1 — Recognize how ara, bé, doncs, tanmateix, and altrament develop clause-linking meanings beyond their literal adverbial uses.

Formation and Position

Basic Adverb Types and PositionA1 — Recognize Catalan adverbs of manner, time, place, degree, and viewpoint, and place them according to meaning, scope, and conversational focus.
Adverbs in -mentA1 — Form Catalan adverbs in -ment from feminine adjectives, keep the right accent, and coordinate them without copying the Spanish pattern.

Scope and Stance

Focus AdverbsB1 — Place només, també, fins i tot, sobretot, and precisament so that Catalan clearly identifies what is included, added, or contrasted.
Sentence AdverbsB1 — Use potser, segurament, evidentment, francament, and per sort to qualify a whole proposition, its probability, or the speaker's stance.
Comparing AdverbsB1 — Compare ways and degrees with més, menys, millor, pitjor, tan… com, and the proportional pattern com més… més.
Adverbial Meaning Expressed by En and HiB1 — Use the weak pronouns en and hi to recover sources, locations, destinations, paths, and manners that English often repeats or leaves unspoken.

Time, Place, and Degree

Time AdverbsA2 — Use Catalan time adverbs such as ara, avui, ja, and encara with the right tense, polarity, position, and scope.
Place AdverbsA2 — Choose Catalan place adverbs by distance and direction, from aquí and allà to amunt, endins, and arreu.
Degree AdverbsA2 — Distinguish molt, ben, gaire, massa, prou, bastant, força, and tan by degree, polarity, and what they modify.
Frequency AdverbsA2 — Express habits with sempre, sovint, de vegades, normalment, and gairebé mai, using neutral and focused placement.
Manner Adverbs and Adverbial PhrasesA2 — Express how an action unfolds with bé, malament, així, de pressa, a poc a poc, fixed phrases, and invariable adjective-shaped adverbs.

Annotated Texts

Canonical Literature

Annotated Ramon Llull ProseC1 — Read a bounded public-domain passage from Ramon Llull through medieval forms, clause structure, and a transparent modern normalization.
Annotated Tirant lo BlancC1 — Read the mirror declaration in a public-domain Tirant lo Blanc transcription, with courtly dialogue, clitics, past forms, and a transparent modern paraphrase.
Annotated Jacint Verdaguer PoetryC1 — Read a short refrain from Verdaguer's L'emigrant through poetic ellipsis, clitic reference, meter, and historical literary register.
Annotated Joan Maragall PoetryC1 — Analyze the opening of La vaca cega through gerunds, the clitic cluster se'n, expressive order, deixis, and historical spelling.
Annotated Santiago Rusiñol ProseC1 — Read a rhetorical question from Rusiñol through discourse framing, clitic reference, historical spelling, and modernist personification.

Dialogues

Annotated Dialogue: Meeting SomeoneA1 — Follow a natural first meeting through Catalan greetings, names, ser, present-tense verbs, omitted subjects, and the choice between tu and vostè.
Annotated Dialogue: At a CaféA1 — Order naturally in a Catalan café with voldria, em posa, quantities, weak pronouns, service articles, thanks, and polite intonation.
Annotated Dialogue: Asking for DirectionsA1 — Ask for and confirm street directions with on, hi ha, polite imperatives, place prepositions, distance expressions, and reference-tracking pronouns.
Annotated Dialogue: A Typical DayA1 — Describe a daily routine with pronominal verbs, Catalan clock time, the present tense, frequency expressions, and natural subject omission.

Everyday Narratives

Annotated Story: What We Did This WeekendA2 — Read an original weekend story and see how Catalan coordinates the periphrastic past, imperfect, time markers, omitted subjects, and weak pronouns across a narrative.
Annotated Description: A Flat and Its NeighborhoodA2 — Explore an original home description built around haver-hi, location and state, articles, quantifiers, place phrases, and the pronouns hi and en.
Annotated Recipe: Pa Amb TomàquetA2 — Read an original pa amb tomàquet recipe and learn how Catalan recipes use imperatives, infinitives, attached pronouns, partitives, and sequencing.
Annotated Message Thread: Changing PlansA2 — Follow a natural Catalan message exchange about changing plans, with quedar, anar bé, weak pronouns, ellipsis, apologies, and digital punctuation.
Proverb: De Mica en Mica S’omple la PicaA2 — Read the proverb de mica en mica s'omple la pica literally and pragmatically, with its middle se, generic present, word order, rhyme, and conversational uses.
Proverb: Qui Dia Passa, Any EmpenyA2 — A close reading of Qui dia passa, any empeny, with its free relative, article-free nouns, compact word order, rhyme, and often resigned pragmatic tone.

Intermediate Genres

Annotated Personal LetterB1 — An original Catalan letter annotated for salutations, narrative pasts, the present perfect, weak pronouns, tactful requests, and personal register.
Annotated InterviewB1 — An original interview annotated for Catalan questions, spoken dislocation, weak pronouns, discourse markers, and real-time reformulation.
Annotated Travel BlogB1 — An original Catalan travel narrative annotated for motion prepositions, experiential perfects, evaluation, deixis, and regional place names.
Annotated Instructions and Public NoticeB1 — An original Catalan public notice annotated for infinitives, affirmative and negative imperatives, obligation, prohibition, and institutional politeness.
Annotated Opinion PostB1 — An original opinion post annotated for Catalan stance markers, complement clauses, mood choice, and concession.
Annotated Traditional TaleB1 — A guide-authored retelling of a traditional folktale, annotated for Catalan narrative tense, formulas, direct speech, and regional variants.
Annotated Traditional SongB1 — The public-domain children's song Sol, solet annotated for sung elision, poetic organization, repetition, clitics, and regional variants.

Mastery

Annotated Medieval DocumentC2 — Read a clause from the Greuges de Guitard Isarn through diplomatic transcription, Latin–Catalan mixing, obsolete forms, clitics, and cautious normalization.
One Passage Across Catalan VarietiesC2 — Compare one guide-authored message across Central, Valencian, Balearic, Northwestern, Northern, and Alguerese Catalan without ranking them.
Annotated Advanced EssayC2 — An original C2 Catalan essay annotated for layered argument, nominalization, hedging, reference chains, long sentences, and stylistic revision.

Public and Literary Prose

Annotated News ReportB2 — An original Catalan news report annotated for headline tense, attribution, the reportive conditional, passives, and information structure.
Annotated EditorialB2 — An original Catalan editorial annotated for thesis, evidence, concession, rebuttal, discourse markers, and modal stance.
Annotated Public SpeechB2 — Read an original Catalan civic speech through its vocatives, inclusive pronouns, parallelism, modality, and rhetorical questions.
Annotated Institutional TextB2 — Analyze a Catalan public notice through impersonal syntax, obligation, definitions, dates, and plain-language revision.
Annotated RondallaB2 — Follow a complete Catalan wonder tale through oral formulas, narrative pasts, dialogue, and weak-pronoun chains.

Articles

Advanced Use

Substantivizing with ArticlesB2 — Use articles with adjectives, participles, ordinals, and relative clauses when an understood noun or abstract idea supplies the reference.
Article Ellipsis in CoordinationB2 — Choose between one shared article and repeated articles when coordinating Catalan noun phrases.

Definite Articles

Definite Articles: el, la, els, lesA1 — Choose and place Catalan definite articles by gender and number, with Central pronunciation and the main regional paradigms.
Article Elision: l’A1 — Form l' from el or la before vowels and silent h, while preserving la in the contexts that block elision.

Indefinite and Personal Articles

Indefinite Articles: un, una, uns, unesA1 — Use un, una, uns, and unes for new or nonspecific referents, limited plural quantities, and approximate numbers.
Personal Articles: en and naA1 — Use Catalan articles before personal names according to region, register, gender, and the sound that begins the name.

Use and Omission

Articles with Generic ReferenceB1 — Use Catalan articles to refer to species, institutions, and abstract concepts, and distinguish generic reference from bare indefinites.
Articles with Professions and IdentitiesA2 — Choose zero, indefinite, or definite articles with Catalan professions and identities according to classification and reference.
Articles with LanguagesA2 — Use articles when a language is a topic or specified variety, and omit them after parlar and in en + language expressions.
Articles with PossessivesA2 — Build Catalan possessive noun phrases with article plus tonic possessive, and recognize the contexts where the article is absent.
Articles with Days, Dates, and Repeated TimeA2 — Distinguish articleless weekdays from habitual days, dated events, clock times, seasons, and holiday expressions.
Articles with Place NamesB1 — Use lexical articles with Catalan countries, regions, rivers, mountains, and towns, including their contractions and capitalization.
Articles with Body Parts and ClothingA2 — Use definite articles with body parts and clothing when a clitic or the situation identifies the possessor.
Articles with Mass and Count NounsB1 — Distinguish bare substances, definite quantities, countable portions, and partitive phrases in Catalan.

Choosing

Core Decisions

Ser versus EstarA2 — Choose ser or estar by distinguishing identity, classification, neutral location, events, current state, and resulting condition.
Ser, Estar, or Haver-hiA2 — Distinguish identity, neutral or durative location, and the introduction of an existing or available referent.
Per or Per AA2 — Choose per or per a by separating cause, route, means, duration, and agent from destination, recipient, purpose, and deadline.
A or En for PlaceA2 — Choose Catalan a or en for destinations and locations by following meaning, determiner type, discourse framing, and regional usage.
Simple Present or Estar plus GerundA2 — Choose the Catalan simple present for an unmarked current event and estar plus gerund when the unfolding process itself matters.

Lexis and Structure

Saber or Conèixer?B2 — Choose saber for information and abilities, and conèixer for acquaintance, familiarity, people, places, works, and domains.
Anar or Venir?B2 — Choose anar or venir by locating the conversational center and viewing motion toward or away from it.
Portar or Dur?B2 — Choose between the broadly overlapping verbs portar and dur by region, construction, idiom, and register rather than English bring/take.
Donar or Fer in Common CollocationsB2 — Choose donar or fer as part of a complete Catalan collocation, especially where English or Spanish suggests the wrong light verb.
Perquè, Per Què, El Perquè, or Per A Què?B2 — Choose among perquè, per què, el perquè, and per a què by distinguishing cause, purpose, questions, and nominal reasons.

Past and Mood Decisions

Which Past Tense?B1 — Choose among the Catalan periphrastic past, imperfect, present perfect, pluperfect, and simple past by fixing the time frame and viewpoint.
He Parlat or Vaig Parlar?B1 — Choose the Catalan present perfect or periphrastic past through current relevance, open and closed time frames, discourse framing, and region.
Indicative or Subjunctive?B1 — Choose Catalan indicative or subjunctive by deciding whether a clause is asserted or placed inside desire, evaluation, nonidentification, or another nonassertive frame.
Which Subjunctive Tense?B2 — Choose among the present, imperfect, present perfect, and pluperfect subjunctive by locating the subordinate event relative to its reference point.
Infinitive or Que-Clause?B2 — Choose an infinitive when its understood subject is controlled or generic, and a finite que-clause when a separate subject, tense, or assertion must be explicit.

Pronoun Decisions

En or Hi?B1 — Choose en for quantities, de-relations, and sources, and hi for locations, goals, paths, and most other prepositional complements.
El, La, Els, Les, or Ho?B1 — Use gendered direct-object pronouns for specific noun phrases and invariable ho for clauses, propositions, neutral demonstratives, and predicates.
Li or Els?B1 — Choose li for one third-person indirect object and els for more than one, while keeping gender, spoken leveling, and clitic clusters separate.
Que, Què, Qui, or El Qual?B1 — Choose the Catalan relative form from its syntactic role, governing preposition, antecedent, punctuation, and register.

Collocations and Phraseology

Advanced Phraseology

Academic CollocationsC1 — Build precise Catalan academic prose with conventional research, argumentation, and evidence frames without bureaucratic inflation.
Journalistic CollocationsC1 — Use Catalan news formulas for disclosure, attribution, developing events, and uncertainty while recognizing cliché and source vagueness.
Regional Phraseological VariationC1 — Recognize regionally preferred Catalan phraseological frames without treating one variety as the only authentic model.
Using Corpora to Verify CollocationsC1 — Use frequency, dispersion, genre, region, and inflected searches to distinguish possible Catalan wording from established phraseology.

Core Collocations

High-Frequency Verb–Noun CollocationsA2 — Use fer, tenir, donar, prendre, posar, and treure with the nouns Catalan conventionally selects instead of translating English combinations word by word.
Adjective–Preposition CollocationsA2 — Learn adjective frames such as content de, capaç de, interessat en, d'acord amb, and favorable a, including agreement and clitic replacement.
Verb–Preposition CollocationsA2 — Master adonar-se de, pensar en, parlar de, confiar en, and acostumar-se a as complete frames, with their en and hi replacements.

Patterned Language

Light-Verb ConstructionsB2 — Use Catalan support verbs such as fer, donar, prendre, and tenir with the nouns they conventionally select.
Binomials and Fixed PairingsB1 — Recognize Catalan word pairs whose order, linker, article pattern, and rhythm are stored as a conventional unit.
Conventional IntensifiersB1 — Intensify naturally with ben, d'allò més, de debò, fixed comparisons, reduplication, and adjective-specific adverbs.

Common Mistakes

Core Grammar

Ser and Estar ErrorsA2 — Diagnose Catalan ser and estar errors through identity, location, event, state, adjective meaning, and participial result.
Existential Haver-hi ErrorsA2 — Diagnose and repair missing hi, nonstandard plural agreement, existential estar, and awkward definite noun phrases with haver-hi.
Gender and Agreement ErrorsA2 — Repair high-frequency noun-gender mistakes, broken adjective agreement, mixed coordination, and misleading English or Spanish analogies.
Apostrophe and Elision ErrorsA2 — Fix misplaced Catalan apostrophes in articles, de, and weak pronouns, including glide exceptions and spacing errors.
Accent and Diaeresis ErrorsA2 — Correct missing and misdirected accents, hiatus and pronounced-u diaereses, and diacritics that change Catalan word meaning.

English Transfer

Overusing Subject PronounsA1 — Repair English-driven repetition of Catalan subject pronouns while preserving pronouns that mark contrast, clarity, or focus.
Overusing Estar plus GerundA1 — Replace English-driven progressive forms with the Catalan simple present or imperfect unless an unfolding process is genuinely in focus.
English Article TransferA1 — Correct English-driven article omissions with generics and possessives, and remove extra articles from professions and fixed expressions.

Pronouns and Prepositions

En and Hi ErrorsB1 — Diagnose omitted, confused, doubled, and misspelled en and hi by recovering the Catalan complement each pronoun replaces.
Weak-Pronoun Order ErrorsB2 — Diagnose and repair impossible Catalan weak-pronoun clusters, misplaced clitics, and faulty apostrophes or hyphens.
Spanish-Style Personal AB1 — Remove Spanish-style personal a from ordinary Catalan direct objects while preserving the contexts where Catalan genuinely licenses it.
Prepositions before QueB2 — Repair retained, missing, and intrusive prepositions before Catalan que by distinguishing conjunctions from relatives and embedded questions.
Per and Per A ErrorsB1 — Correct per and per a by separating cause, route, means, and agent from recipient, destination, use, and deadline.

Spanish Contact and Advanced Style

Common Spanish Grammatical CalquesB2 — Diagnose Spanish-shaped Catalan in pronouns, prepositions, periphrases, articles, and connectors without mislabeling genuine regional usage.
Spanish-Looking Forms That MisleadB2 — Catch deceptive Spanish-Catalan similarities in morphology, gender, transitivity, selected prepositions, and grammatical function words.
Relative-Clause ErrorsB2 — Diagnose and repair stranded prepositions, possessive calques, resumptive doubling, and comma errors in Catalan relative clauses.
Overcorrecting toward Artificial Formal CatalanB2 — Edit stiff archaisms, inflated locutions, gratuitous clitics, and incoherent dialect mixing without erasing legitimate formal or regional Catalan.

Verb System

Past-Tense ErrorsB1 — Repair Catalan past-tense errors by separating bounded events, background situations, current time frames, and the periphrastic past.
Subjunctive ErrorsB2 — Diagnose Catalan mood errors by testing assertion, identification, and temporal viewpoint rather than translating an English or Spanish verb form.
Verb-Periphrasis CalquesB1 — Replace Spanish- and English-shaped verb chains with idiomatic Catalan expressions of obligation, futurity, duration, and viewpoint.
Gerund ErrorsB2 — Repair posterior, dangling, nominal, and over-progressive Catalan gerunds by testing time, subject control, and syntactic function.

Complex Grammar

Conditionals

Real and Open ConditionalsB1 — Build Catalan conditionals for real possibilities, habits, instructions, and provisos with si plus the indicative and alternatives such as sempre que.
Unreal Present and Future ConditionalsB1 — Express imagined, remote, or contrary-to-fact present and future situations with si plus the imperfect subjunctive and a conditional result.
Past Counterfactual ConditionalsB2 — Build Catalan conditionals about unreal past events, mixed present consequences, and contextually omitted clauses.
Conditional Connectors beyond SiB2 — Choose Catalan conditional linkers for prerequisites, formal suppositions, contingency plans, and exceptions, with the appropriate mood.

Discourse and Perspective

Free Indirect Style and Reported ThoughtC2 — How Catalan narration blends a narrator's grammar with a character's thoughts through person, tense, deixis, and expressive syntax.
Evidentiality without a Dedicated MoodC1 — How Catalan marks inference, appearance, hearsay, and source attribution without a grammatical evidential mood.
Epistemic, Deontic, and Dynamic ModalityC1 — How Catalan distinguishes probability, obligation, permission, willingness, and ability through modal verbs and related constructions.
Advanced Focus ConstructionsC1 — How Catalan uses clefts, pseudoclefts, fronting, focus particles, and prosody to identify or correct the informative center of a sentence.
Comparative and Proportional ClausesC1 — Build precise Catalan comparisons with més que, tan com, del que, ellipsis, and proportional com més… més clauses.
Factual and Nonfactual ConcessionC1 — Use encara que, per més que, and tot i to concede facts, entertain possibilities, and control rhetorical commitment in Catalan.
Cause, Reason, Purpose, and ResultC1 — Choose Catalan causal, purposive, and result connectors by information status, intended outcome, clause mood, and scope.

Mastery

Layered Subordination in Academic ProseC2 — Organize multiple embedded Catalan clauses by scope, connector hierarchy, referent tracking, and readable academic revision.
Conditions and Exceptions in Legal CatalanC2 — Draft Catalan legal conditions, exceptions, preserved rights, and definitions with controlled mood, scope, and reference.
Literary Inversion and HyperbatonC2 — Interpret marked Catalan constituent order by reconstructing dependencies, clitic links, information structure, and poetic rhythm.
Reading Historical Catalan SyntaxC2 — Read medieval and early modern Catalan by separating historical clitic, article, auxiliary, and Latinizing patterns from editorial intervention.

Nonfinite Clauses

Infinitival Clauses and ControlB2 — Interpret understood and overt subjects in Catalan infinitival clauses, including control, purpose, prepositions, clitics, and ambiguity.
Gerundial ClausesB2 — Use Catalan gerundial clauses for simultaneous, causal, and anterior circumstances without dangling subjects or illicit posteriority.
Participial ClausesB2 — Compress anterior, passive, and result relations in Catalan participial clauses while controlling agreement, subject reference, and formal style.
Absolute ConstructionsB2 — How Catalan participial and gerundial clauses with their own subjects compress time, cause, and background circumstances.

Relative and Complement Clauses

Restrictive versus Nonrestrictive RelativesB2 — Use reference, prosody, punctuation, and relative forms to distinguish identifying Catalan relatives from parenthetical ones.
Mood in Relative ClausesB2 — Choose indicative or subjunctive in Catalan relatives according to whether an antecedent is asserted, sought, hypothetical, denied, or evaluated.
Noun Complement ClausesB2 — Build Catalan clauses that supply the content of nouns such as fet, idea, dubte, possibilitat, and esperança.
Factive and Semifactive ComplementsB2 — Track truth, presupposition, negation, and mood after Catalan predicates such as saber, lamentar, adonar-se, and descobrir.
Heavy Clauses after Impersonal PredicatesB2 — Place Catalan content clauses after impersonal predicates while controlling mood, agreement, information weight, and topic-first alternatives.

Conjunctions

Advanced Linking

Correlative ConjunctionsB2 — How paired Catalan linkers coordinate alternatives, negatives, additions, and alternating situations while preserving parallel structure.
Si and Interrogatives in Embedded QuestionsB2 — How Catalan embeds yes-no and wh-questions with si or an interrogative word, using Catalan word order, tense, and punctuation.
Formal and Literary ConjunctionsB2 — How to recognize and use puix que, car, ans, baldament, mentre que, and per tal com without mixing historical and contemporary registers.

Coordination

I, O, and Basic CoordinationA1 — Join Catalan words, phrases, and clauses with i and o while preserving parallel structure, agreement, punctuation, and the intended kind of alternative.
Però, Sinó, and Sinó QueA1 — Choose però for a contrast that leaves both claims standing, and sinó or sinó que to replace a negated constituent or clause.

Subordination

The Complementizer QueA2 — Use que to introduce finite Catalan complement clauses after speech, thought, perception, emotion, and evaluation, without copying English omission or Spanish prepositions.
Perquè, Ja Que, Com Que, and CarA2 — Choose among Catalan causal connectors according to whether the reason is neutral, already shared, placed first, or presented in a literary explanatory register.
Purpose ConnectorsA2 — Express intended outcomes with perquè plus the subjunctive and with per tal de, per tal que, and a fi de while tracking who performs each action.
Temporal ConjunctionsA2 — Link events with quan, mentre, abans que, després que, fins que, and tan bon punt while choosing mood according to whether the event is asserted or still projected.
Conditional ConjunctionsA2 — Build open and restrictive conditions with si, sempre que, a condició que, tret que, and llevat que while matching mood to the speaker's stance.
Concessive ConjunctionsA2 — Express an obstacle that does not overturn the main result with encara que, malgrat que, tot i que, and per més que, choosing mood by factual stance.
Result and Consequence ConjunctionsA2 — How Catalan presents actual consequences and intended outcomes with així que, de manera que, tan… que, and tant… que.
Comparative ConjunctionsA2 — How Catalan links standards of comparison with com, que, com si, tant… com, més… que, and natural ellipsis.

Countries and Culture

Catalan-Speaking Territories

Catalan in CataloniaA2 — How Catalan is used across Catalonia, with Central and Northwestern variation, public standards, multilingual practice, and practical learner goals.
Valencian in the Valencian CommunityA2 — Valencian naming, AVL standards, regional forms, public use, and its systematic place within the shared Catalan language.
Catalan in the Balearic IslandsA2 — Mallorcan, Menorcan, and Eivissan Catalan in speech and public standards, including salat articles, insular verb forms, and learner goals.
Catalan in AndorraA2 — How Catalan functions as Andorra's sole official language within a multilingual society, and how Pyrenean speech relates to the common standard.

Other Communities

Catalan in Northern CataloniaB1 — Northern Catalan in its French institutional setting: local grammar, revitalization, cross-border standards and multilingual practice.
Catalan in the FranjaB1 — The Northwestern Catalan continuum of eastern Aragon, with its local names, educational setting and systematic regional grammar.
Catalan in AlgheroB1 — Alguerese Catalan as a historic community language of Sardinia, shaped by continuity, Italian and Sardinian contact, and present-day revitalization.
El Carxe and the Global DiasporaB1 — Catalan in a small Murcian territory and in dispersed heritage communities, with attention to Valencian grammar, transmission and digital use.

Determiners

Advanced Reference

Ordering Multiple DeterminersB2 — Build complex Catalan noun phrases by ordering focus words, totality, articles, demonstratives, possessives, quantifiers, and numerals.
The Zero DeterminerB2 — Understand when Catalan permits bare plurals and mass nouns, and how position, specificity, and discourse status trigger an article.
Determiners in Discourse AnaphoraB2 — Choose indefinite, definite, and demonstrative noun phrases as referents are introduced, maintained, reactivated, and contrasted.
Formal and Historical Determiner FormsB2 — Recognize and interpret aital, sengles, hom, ço, and other formal or historical forms without importing them into ordinary Catalan indiscriminately.

Demonstratives

Demonstratives: aquest, aquesta, aquests, aquestesA1 — Use proximal demonstratives with correct gender, number, position, and Central Catalan distance contrasts.
Aquí, Ací, Allí, and AllàA1 — Choose Catalan demonstrative place adverbs by distance, precision, region, and discourse viewpoint.

Possessives

Tonic Possessives: meu, teu, seu, nostre, vostreA2 — Form and place Catalan tonic possessives, agreeing them with the possessed noun and using articles where required.
Unstressed Possessives: mon, ma, ton, ta, son, saA2 — Recognize and use Catalan short possessives in their restricted kinship, formulaic, regional, and literary contexts.
Resolving Seu and LlurB1 — Resolve third-person possessive ambiguity with context, explicit de-phrases, careful editing, and formal llur.

Quantifiers and Indefinites

Molt, Poc, Tant, and QuantA2 — Distinguish agreeing Catalan quantity determiners from invariant degree adverbs, and use tant, tan, quant, and de correctly.
Tot, Cada, Cadascun, and TothomA2 — Express total and distributive meanings with tot, cada, cadascun, and tothom, including their article patterns and agreement.
Algun, Cap, Ningun, and QualsevolA2 — Choose Catalan indefinites for affirmative existence, negative polarity, and free choice, with the right agreement and noun position.
Altre, Mateix, Tal, and CertA2 — Use Catalan determiners for addition, identity, and deliberately unspecified reference, with the article and word order each meaning requires.
Ambdós, Tots Dos, Diversos, and Uns QuantsA2 — Express both and several in Catalan while matching agreement, definiteness, discourse context, and register.
Partitive Determiners and DeB1 — Build Catalan quantity, subset, and noun-ellipsis constructions with de, and connect them to partitive en without copying French articles.
Prou, Massa, Bastant, and GaireB1 — Express enough, excess, moderate quantity, and polarity-sensitive quantity with the right agreement and word order.
Ordinals, Fractions, and Multipliers as DeterminersB1 — Use Catalan ordinals, fractional expressions, and multipliers with correct agreement, articles, position, and measurement conventions.

Discourse Markers

Advanced Coherence

Academic ConnectorsC1 — Build coherent Catalan academic prose with d'una banda, d'altra banda, pel que fa a, en aquest sentit, and no obstant això without mechanical stacking.
Argumentative RelationsC1 — Structure Catalan arguments by distinguishing claims, evidence, concessions, rebuttals, inferences, and qualifications and marking each relation precisely.
Maintaining Reference Across ParagraphsC1 — Build clear Catalan reference chains with names, noun phrases, ellipsis, demonstratives, and weak pronouns without overusing ambiguous això.
Punctuation with Discourse MarkersC1 — Punctuate initial, medial, integrated, and parenthetical Catalan discourse markers according to their scope and prosodic detachment.
Regional Conversational MarkersC1 — Recognize and use regional Catalan conversational markers without flattening legitimate varieties or imitating them as stereotypes.

Interaction and Stance

The Many Uses of DoncsB1 — Use doncs for consequences, transitions, answer launches, hesitation, and insistence without confusing it with causal perquè.
Bé as a Discourse MarkerB1 — Distinguish discourse-marker bé from manner adverb bé, and use it to open turns, concede, hesitate, evaluate, and move an interaction forward.
Clar, És Clar, and EsclarB1 — Use clar, és clar, and esclar to agree, present something as evident, or manage a response without sounding impatient or overconfident.
En Fi, Total, and Al CapdavallB1 — Choose en fi, total, or al capdavall to summarize, close a story, or accept an outcome with the right register and interpersonal tone.
De Tota Manera and En Qualsevol CasB1 — Use de tota manera and en qualsevol cas to override an objection, return to an argument, or state what remains true across alternatives.

Organizing Speech and Writing

Sequencing: Primer, Després, Llavors, and FinalmentA2 — Order events and arguments naturally with primer, després, llavors, and finalment across conversation and formal writing.
Adding: A Més, També, Fins i Tot, and Així MateixA2 — Add ordinary, parallel, surprising, and formal information with the right Catalan marker, scope, punctuation, and register.
Contrasting: Però, En Canvi, Tanmateix, and Ara BéA2 — Distinguish local opposition, comparison, counterexpectation, and argumentative pivots with natural Catalan contrast markers.
Cause and Result: Perquè, Per Tant, Doncs, and Així DoncsA2 — Distinguish a stated cause from an inferred result, and choose perquè, per tant, doncs, or així doncs with natural scope, punctuation, and register.
Giving Examples: Per Exemple, Com Ara, and Posem Per CasA2 — Introduce real and hypothetical examples naturally with per exemple, com ara, and posem per cas, using the right position, punctuation, and register.
Reformulating: És a Dir, O Sigui, Vull Dir, and Dit D’una Altra ManeraA2 — Define, repair, clarify, and restate ideas with és a dir, o sigui, vull dir, and dit d’una altra manera across spoken and written Catalan.

Exclamations

Advanced Style

Literary Exclamation and ApostropheC1 — Shape Catalan literary exclamation with apostrophe, optatives, rhetorical questions, marked order, and disciplined modern punctuation.

Core Exclamatives

Quin and Quina ExclamationsA1 — Build natural Catalan exclamations with quin, quina, quins, and quines, matching the noun and omitting the English-style article.
Que and Com ExclamationsA1 — Use unaccented que and com to express striking degree, manner, and reaction while keeping them distinct from interrogative què.

Expressive Grammar

Interjections and Response CriesA1 — Choose ai, ui, apa, ep, ostres, caram, and au by emotional force, interactional purpose, punctuation, and register.
Si Que and Prou Que for Emphatic AssertionA2 — Use sí que and prou que to contradict an assumption, confirm something forcefully, and place Catalan clitics and subjects naturally.
Repetition and Expressive Word OrderA2 — Use repetition, fronting, fragments, and vocatives to intensify Catalan naturally while letting intonation determine encouragement, impatience, or disbelief.

Expressions

Core Communicative Frames

Introducing Yourself and OthersA1 — Use em dic, soc, visc, treballo, and et presento to make natural Catalan introductions and keep articles, clitics, and agreement aligned.
Time and Weather ExpressionsA1 — Tell the time, give dates, and describe weather with Catalan's stored impersonal frames: és la, són les, fa, plou, and hi ha.
Likes, Wants, and NeedsA1 — Express preferences, wants, polite wishes, and needs with m'agrada, vull, voldria, em cal, and necessito.

Everyday Themes

Eating, Drinking, and OrderingA2 — Learn the Catalan frames for hunger, thirst, eating out, quantities, and polite ordering without translating English word by word.
Travel and DirectionsA2 — Build natural Catalan travel questions and directions with anar, arribar, movement prepositions, imperatives, and existential hi ha.
Health and the BodyA2 — Describe pain, fever, general condition, and minor injuries naturally with Catalan clitics, body-part articles, and intensity words.
Work and StudyA2 — Use Catalan work and study frames naturally, from professions and workplaces to exams, grades, and the idiom anar per feina.
Home and Daily RoutineA2 — Talk naturally about being home, household existence, getting up, leaving, and chores with Catalan articles and weak pronouns.
Making Social PlansA2 — Arrange, accept, reschedule, and cancel plans naturally with quedar, venir de gust, poder, anar bé, time phrases, and Catalan clitics.
Giving OpinionsA2 — State and soften opinions with crec que, em sembla, trobo que, al meu parer, and the indicative–subjunctive contrast under negation.

Idiomatic Systems

Expressions with FerB1 — Understand how fer organizes weather, elapsed time, activities, causation, appearance, measurements, and Catalan do/make collocations.
Expressions with TenirB1 — Use tenir naturally for possession, age, bodily states, desire, success and failure, result states, and fixed noun expressions.
Expressions with DonarB1 — Distinguish literal and idiomatic donar from Catalan fer, including transfer, permission, results, reactions, clitics, and Spanish calques.
Expressions with AnarB2 — Use anar for motion, functioning, clothing, progression, suitability, anar-se'n, and the Catalan periphrastic past without confusing their grammar.
Expressions with Cap, Cara, and Head MetaphorsB1 — Understand how cap and cara organize direction, time, thought, leadership, confrontation, appearance, and fixed article and preposition patterns.

Mastery

Institutional and Ceremonial FormulaeC1 — Learn the fixed grammar of Catalan salutations, condolences, congratulations, acknowledgments, meetings, and ceremonial closings.
Literary and Historical ExpressionsC1 — Recognize fossilized Catalan morphology, old pronouns, biblical and classical allusions, and their modern equivalents without imitating them blindly.

Proverbs and Figurative Language

How Catalan Proverbs WorkB2 — Read Catalan proverbs as grammatical miniatures built from ellipsis, generic tense, parallelism, rhyme, and culturally situated quotation.
Understanding Idioms GrammaticallyB2 — Analyze Catalan idioms by separating inflectable slots from frozen articles, clitics, agreement, prepositions, and fossilized forms.
Productive Metaphor FamiliesB2 — Learn how Catalan builds related expressions from weather, food, body, movement, and spatial images without assuming every metaphor is freely translatable.

Negation

Advanced Negation

Negation Scope and AmbiguityB2 — Identify what Catalan no negates around constituents, quantifiers, modals, subordinate clauses, and spoken focus, then disambiguate by paraphrasing.
Expletive NoB2 — Recognize the nonnegative no used after fear and prevention, in comparisons, and with abans que, and rewrite it when modern readers may misinterpret it.
Litotes and Rhetorical NegationB2 — How Catalan uses negated opposites, no pas, no gaire, and accumulated negatives to understate, correct, and intensify without changing the clause's basic polarity.
Negative RaisingB2 — Why Catalan often places no with verbs such as creure and semblar while the understood denial concerns the embedded proposition, and how that choice affects mood and commitment.

Core Negation

Basic Negation with NoA1 — How Catalan no negates finite and nonfinite predicates, combines with clitics, and answers questions without English-style auxiliary verbs.
Negative Words: Ningú, Res, Cap, Mai, and EnllocA1 — How Catalan negative words express nobody, nothing, no, never, and nowhere before or after the verb through negative concord.

Patterns and Scope

The Reinforcing Particle PasA2 — How Catalan pas reinforces negation by rejecting an expectation, contradicting an assumption, or marking the disfavored side of a comparison.
Gens and GaireA2 — How gens and gaire express zero or limited degree and quantity in negative, interrogative, and other non-assertive contexts.
Tampoc and Negative AgreementA2 — How tampoc expresses neither and not either in replies, coordinated clauses, and focused negative additions.
Ni and Ni... NiA2 — Coordinate negative alternatives and express ‘not even’ with Catalan ni, with clear rules for no, scope, agreement, and emphasis.
Negative CommandsA2 — Form Catalan prohibitions with no plus the present subjunctive, place clitics before the verb, and distinguish personal commands from sign language.
Negating Infinitives, Gerunds, and ParticiplesA2 — Place no with Catalan nonfinite verbs and control its scope around auxiliaries, prepositions, clitics, and compressed formal structures.

Nouns

Advanced Nominal Grammar

Apposition and Noun-Noun StructuresB2 — Learn how Catalan places two noun phrases side by side to identify, classify, or add information, with the punctuation and agreement each structure requires.
Clause and Verb NominalizationB2 — See how Catalan turns actions and clauses into noun-like expressions through infinitives, event nouns, and el fet que constructions.
Complex Noun-Phrase AgreementB2 — Master agreement across coordinated nouns, mixed genders, intervening complements, and collective heads in complex Catalan noun phrases.
Gender Variation Across StandardsB2 — Understand accepted gender variants, regional preferences, professional titles, meaning-changing gender pairs, and inclusive choices in Catalan.

Gender

Masculine and Feminine NounsA1 — Learn how Catalan noun gender controls articles, determiners, and adjectives, and why gender cannot be reduced to natural sex or English translation.
Common Gender EndingsA1 — Use frequent Catalan endings such as -a, -ió, -tat, -isme, and -ment as gender clues while learning the exceptions that prevent blind guessing.

Gender and Number Patterns

Invariable NounsB1 — Recognize Catalan nouns whose singular and plural forms are identical, and make number visible through determiners, verbs, and modifiers.
Irregular and Double PluralsB1 — Master Catalan plural variants, stem changes, regional forms, and plural expressions whose meaning cannot be predicted by simply adding -s.
Human and Animal Gender PairsA2 — Form and use Catalan masculine–feminine pairs for people and animals, including common-gender nouns, lexical pairs, and epicenes.
Nouns Whose Gender Changes MeaningB1 — Use articles and agreement to distinguish Catalan noun pairs such as el fi/la fi, el son/la son, and el llum/la llum.
Collective Nouns and AgreementB1 — Use Catalan collective nouns with grammatical singular agreement while recognizing partitive and discourse contexts that allow notional plural agreement.
Mass, Count, and Measure NounsB1 — Distinguish substances from countable units in Catalan, and use containers, measures, articles, and agreement to shift between the two readings.
Proper NounsB1 — Use Catalan personal and place names with the right articles, capitalization, plural forms, modifiers, and metonymic readings.
Compound NounsB1 — Build and inflect Catalan compound nouns by identifying the head, the relationship between components, and the compound's established spelling.
Diminutives and AugmentativesB1 — Form Catalan diminutives and augmentatives while controlling gender, spelling, agreement, expressive meaning, and regional variation.
Abstract Noun FormationB1 — Form Catalan nouns for actions, qualities, states, and results while mastering suffix choice, gender, count readings, and English mismatches.

Number

Regular Plurals in -sA1 — Form straightforward Catalan plurals with -s after common consonants and vowels, while keeping determiners and adjectives in agreement.
Plurals in -esA1 — Form Catalan plurals in -es from nouns ending in unstressed -a and -e, including the spelling changes that preserve consonant sounds.

Numbers

Advanced and Formal Use

Large Numbers and Scale NamesB2 — Read and write Catalan numbers from thousands to trillions using the long scale, correct noun agreement, grouping, and unambiguous English translation.
Numbers in Legal, Financial, and Technical WritingB2 — Format exact figures, dates, ranges, identifiers, currencies, and SI quantities consistently in formal Catalan documents.

Cardinals and Counting

Cardinal NumbersA1 — Build and use Catalan cardinal numbers from zero to millions, with correct gender agreement, spelling, and pronunciation.
Dates, Years, and Clock TimeA1 — State Catalan dates, years, and clock times with day-first order, correct articles, and regional hour systems.

Written Number Systems

Hyphens in Compound NumbersA2 — Apply the Catalan D-U-C rule to spell complex cardinal and ordinal numbers with exactly the right hyphens.
Ordinal NumbersA2 — Form and use Catalan ordinals with agreement, standard abbreviations, Roman numerals, and natural cardinal alternatives.
Fractions, Decimals, and PercentagesA2 — Express Catalan fractions, decimal values, and percentages with correct agreement, vocabulary, and notation.
Measurements, Money, and ApproximationA2 — Express measurements, prices, temperatures, and approximate quantities in Catalan with correct agreement, decimal punctuation, and unit notation.

Pragmatics

Advanced Social Meaning

Irony and UnderstatementC1 — Interpret and use Catalan irony through prosody, contextual mismatch, echo, and litotes while recognizing its social and cross-cultural risks.
Source, Evidence, and ResponsibilityC1 — Attribute information in Catalan with segons, pel que sembla, es veu que, reporting verbs, and the journalistic conditional while preserving responsibility.
Vostè, Vós, and Institutional AddressC1 — Choose and maintain Catalan formal address with vostè, vós, and plural forms across conversation, correspondence, and institutional communication.
Pragmatics in a Multilingual Catalan ContextC1 — Choose Catalan, accommodate multilingual interlocutors, and switch languages without confusing identity, competence, or politeness.
Directness, Silence, and Interactional StyleC1 — Interpret direct requests, delayed responses, overlap, and silence through context rather than regional or cultural stereotypes.

Everyday Interaction

Greetings and Leave-TakingA1 — Choose Catalan greetings and farewells by time of day, relationship, formality, and expected time until the next meeting.
Please, Thanks, and You’re WelcomeA1 — Make requests, express gratitude, and respond warmly in Catalan with si us plau, gràcies, de res, and register-appropriate alternatives.
Getting Attention and Addressing PeopleA1 — Choose perdona, perdoni, escolta, escolti, ei, names, and titles according to distance, urgency, and the kind of attention you need.

Speech Acts

Making RequestsA2 — Build Catalan requests from direct imperatives to em pots, podria, voldria, and carefully softened service-encounter formulas.
Offers and InvitationsA2 — Offer help and invite people naturally with vols, et ve de gust, què vols que, imperatives, and socially calibrated acceptance or refusal.
Apologizing and RespondingA2 — Scale Catalan apologies from perdó to ho sento and em sap greu, accept responsibility, make repairs, and respond without minimizing serious harm.
Agreeing and DisagreeingA2 — Manage agreement and disagreement in Catalan with sí, exacte, tens raó, no ben bé, em sembla que no, and turn-sensitive mitigation.
Compliments and ResponsesA2 — Give and receive Catalan compliments naturally, from everyday praise with que bonic and estàs molt bé to formal congratulations with enhorabona.
Telephone and Messaging ConventionsA2 — Open, manage, repair, and close Catalan phone calls and messages naturally in both informal and formal relationships.

Stance and Politeness

Expressing Certainty and DoubtB1 — Calibrate certainty, inference, and doubt in Catalan with segur, potser, deure, em sembla, and mood choice.
Hedges and SoftenersB1 — Use Catalan hedges, conditional and imperfect politeness, downtoners, and framing phrases without becoming vague or overformal.
Emphasis and IntensificationB2 — Control Catalan emphasis with sí que, prou que, ben, rai, mateix, repetition, word order, and intonation.
Managing DisagreementB1 — Learn to disagree in Catalan through partial agreement, concession, questions, impersonal framing, and tactful correction across informal and formal settings.
Turn-Taking in ConversationB1 — Use Catalan discourse markers, backchannels, overlap, repair, and topic shifts to enter, hold, yield, and redirect a conversational turn.

Prepositions

Advanced Use

Complex Prepositional LocutionsC1 — Distinguish Catalan prepositional locutions for cause, trigger, topic, and legal basis, and learn how their fixed form reveals their syntax.
Why Catalan Does Not Normally Strand PrepositionsC1 — Learn why Catalan moves a preposition together with an interrogative or relative phrase, and how natural colloquial repairs avoid English-style stranding.
Prepositions in Formal and Administrative CatalanC1 — Choose precise formal Catalan prepositions without importing administrative calques or using elevated forms where a plain alternative is clearer.

Core Contrasts

Per versus Per AA2 — Choose per for cause, route, means, exchange, and agents, and per a for destination, intended recipients, intended use, deadlines, and explicit purpose.
A versus En for LocationA2 — Choose between Catalan a and en by separating destination from position and then considering the determiner, place type, discourse context, and regional standard.
De, Des De, and D’ençà DeA2 — Distinguish general origin and source with de, an explicit spatial or temporal starting point with des de, and a past onset whose effects continue with d’ençà de.
Fins versus Fins AA2 — Use fins or fins a for spatial, temporal, and quantitative endpoints by checking the form the endpoint expression would have on its own.
Cap versus Cap AA2 — Use cap a for approximate direction and time, reduce it to cap in defined environments, and keep directional cap distinct from the negative determiner meaning ‘any/no.’
Sobre, Damunt, and A SobreA2 — Distinguish neutral sobre, spatial damunt (de), and adverbial a sobre (de) for contact, higher position, topic, regional preference, and idiomatic meanings.
Sota, Davall, and A SotaA2 — Distinguish Catalan sota, regional davall, and independent a sota for lower position, containment, and figurative control.
Entre, Dins, and DintreA2 — Choose entre for a position among reference points and dins or dintre for an interior bounded by a container, group, or interval.

Core Prepositions

The Preposition AA1 — Use Catalan a for destinations, many locations, recipients, clock time, manner, and selected complements, with the contractions al and als.
The Preposition DeA1 — Use Catalan de for source, possession, material, content, quantity, and selected complements, with the correct elisions and article contractions.
The Preposition EnA1 — Use Catalan en for selected static locations, transport, time spans, manner phrases, and lexically selected complements, while distinguishing it from a and the clitic en.
The Preposition AmbA1 — Use Catalan amb for company, instruments, manner, and selected complements, while keeping it distinct from agent, means, and Spanish pronoun patterns.
The Preposition PerA1 — Use Catalan per for causes, routes, exchange, agents, rates, limited duration, communication channels, and common fixed expressions.

Governed Complements

Prepositions Selected by VerbsB1 — Learn high-frequency Catalan verb–preposition patterns, the meaning contrasts they encode, and how to read and remember dictionary government.
Prepositions Selected by AdjectivesB1 — Build Catalan adjective complements with de, a, en, amb, and per while distinguishing required arguments from optional circumstances.
Prepositions Selected by NounsB1 — Interpret Catalan noun complements with de, a, en, amb, and per across relational, eventive, and content nouns.
Preposition Change before an InfinitiveB2 — Understand why selected en and amb may change to a or de before Catalan infinitives, and when current standard usage permits them to remain.
Preposition Drop before QueB2 — Learn when Catalan drops a governed preposition before a finite que-clause, how formal and informal usage differ, and how to avoid dequeisme and queisme.

Time and Space

Prepositions of TimeA2 — Use Catalan temporal prepositions for clock times, dates, starting points, spans, deadlines, approximate moments, and future intervals.
Prepositions and Locutions of PlaceA2 — Locate people and things with davant de, darrere de, al costat de, prop de, lluny de, dins de, fora de, and orientation phrases.
Paths, Sources, and GoalsA2 — Choose a, cap a, fins a, de, des de, and per to distinguish destinations, directions, endpoints, origins, starting boundaries, and routes.
Distance and Duration ComplementsA2 — Express how far, how long, how long ago, and since when with bare measure phrases, durant, fa, des de fa, and de… a…

Pronouns

Advanced Syntax and Variation

Colloquial Resumptive Pronouns in Relative ClausesC1 — How spoken Catalan uses que plus a clitic or possessive, why speakers do it, and how formal prose repairs the pattern.
Redundant and Lexicalized Weak PronounsC1 — Distinguish meaningful resumption and lexicalized hi or en from nonstandard duplication of a weak pronoun.
Valencian and Balearic Weak-Pronoun FormsC1 — Recognize Valencian and Balearic clitic forms, clusters, and regional standards without mixing distinct systems.
Formal and Archaic PronounsC1 — Recognize hom, altri, ço, llur, and vós in institutional, legal, religious, and literary Catalan.
Weak Pronouns in Edited ProseC1 — Edit Catalan weak pronouns for clear antecedents, readable clusters, correct resumption, and consistent regional style.

Direct and Indirect Objects

Direct-Object Weak PronounsA2 — Replace definite direct objects with em, et, el, la, ens, us, els, and les, and place them correctly before a finite verb.
Indirect-Object Weak PronounsA2 — Use em, et, li, ens, us, and els for recipients, addressees, experiencers, and other indirect objects.
Elided Weak-Pronoun FormsA2 — Choose m', t', l', s', and n' before vowel-initial verbs, including the feminine la exception before unstressed i and u.
Postverbal Pronouns with Infinitives, Gerunds, and ImperativesA2 — Attach weak pronouns after infinitives, gerunds, and affirmative imperatives with the correct full or reduced form.
Clitic DoublingB1 — Use a weak pronoun alongside a dislocated object, a strong personal pronoun, or selected indirect-object phrases without overduplicating neutral objects.
Animate Objects and the Limited Personal AB1 — Learn when Catalan direct objects take no preposition and when a is licensed or required for pronouns, disambiguation, and marked word order.

En and Hi

En as a Partitive PronounB1 — Use partitive en to resume indefinite nouns, mass nouns, and counted sets while keeping quantities and agreement visible.
En for De-ComplementsB1 — Use en to replace complements selected by de after verbs, adjectives, and nouns, while respecting focus and extraction limits.
Locative EnB1 — Use locative en for places of origin introduced by de, and distinguish this productive source use from lexicalized pronominal verbs.
Hi for LocationsB1 — Use hi for static places, destinations, and paths, and keep obligatory hi in the existential verb haver-hi.
Hi for Prepositional ComplementsB1 — Use hi to resume known complements governed by a, en, amb, or per without confusing them with direct and indirect objects.
Hi in Predicative and Idiomatic ConstructionsB1 — Understand hi as a marker of manner or state and recognize the common verbs and idioms in which it has become lexicalized.
Choosing En or HiB1 — Choose en for de-relations, sources, and partitives, and hi for other governed complements, destinations, locations, and paths.

Pronoun Combinations

Ordering Two Weak PronounsB1 — Build two-pronoun clusters by grammatical role, with the standard Central order, spelling, and placement before and after the verb.
Li Plus El, La, Els, or LesB1 — Combine a singular third-person recipient with a definite direct object in Central and Valencian standard Catalan.
Combining En with Other PronounsB1 — Form and place me'n, te'n, se'n, ens en, us en, li'n, and els en while preserving the function encoded by en.
Combining Hi with Other PronounsB1 — Build and interpret clusters such as m'hi, s'hi, l'hi, and la hi while keeping each pronoun's function distinct.
En and Hi TogetherB1 — Distinguish genuine en-plus-hi clusters from existential and dialectal n'hi, and avoid duplicating a single complement.
Three-Pronoun ClustersB2 — Decode and build three-pronoun clusters by function, normative order, placement, and register.
Apostrophes and Hyphens in Pronoun ClustersB2 — Spell preverbal and postverbal pronoun clusters by choosing full, reinforced, elided, and reduced forms in the right order.
Pronoun Placement Across Verb FormsB1 — Place weak pronouns before finite verbs, after infinitives, gerunds, and affirmative imperatives, and correctly across verb phrases.
Clitic Climbing with Verb PeriphrasesB2 — Choose where a Catalan weak pronoun can stand in modal, obligative, progressive, and closely integrated verb phrases.
Pronouns with Negative ImperativesB1 — Place Catalan weak pronouns before a negative subjunctive command and contrast that pattern with attachment after affirmative imperatives.

Reflexive and Pronominal Forms

Reflexive Weak PronounsA2 — Use em, et, es, ens, and us when an action returns to its subject, including body-care patterns and strong self-forms.
Reciprocal PronounsA2 — Express mutual action with plural weak pronouns and disambiguate it with l'un a l'altre and related reciprocal phrases.
Inherently Pronominal VerbsA2 — Recognize Catalan verbs whose weak reflexive pronoun is part of the verb itself, and use them with the right person, complement, and placement.
Ethical and Affective DativesA2 — Use optional dative clitics to show emotional involvement, affected possession, or personal interest without inventing an English object.

Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite

Relative QueB1 — Use invariant unstressed que to build Catalan subject and direct-object relative clauses without omission, agreement, or stranded prepositions.
Prepositional Relatives with Què, Qui, and El QualB1 — Choose què, qui, or the agreeing forms of el qual after Catalan prepositions and avoid stranded or resumptive alternatives.
Relative OnB1 — Use locative on for literal places and directions, add spatial prepositions when needed, and choose en què or el qual for nonlocative relations.
Possessive Relatives with Del QualB1 — How formal Catalan expresses whose with a possessed noun followed by del qual and its agreeing forms.
Free RelativesB1 — How qui, el que, allò que, com, quan, and on form relative clauses without an overt antecedent.
Interrogative PronounsB1 — How qui, què, quin, quant, and on ask direct and embedded questions in contemporary Catalan.
Indefinite PronounsB1 — Meaning, polarity, agreement, and register with algú, ningú, tothom, cadascú, qualsevol, res, and altri.

Subject and Strong Pronouns

Subject Pronouns and Pro-DropA1 — Choose and omit Catalan subject pronouns according to verb agreement, emphasis, contrast, and reference.
Vostè, Vostès, Tu, and VosaltresA1 — Choose Catalan forms of address and match tu and vosaltres with second-person verbs, but vostè and vostès with third-person verbs.
Strong Pronouns after PrepositionsA1 — Use mi, tu, ell, ella, nosaltres, vosaltres, ells, elles, and reflexive si as stressed complements of Catalan prepositions.

Pronunciation

Connected Speech

Elision and Linking Across WordsB1 — Learn how vowels and consonants join across word boundaries in natural Catalan speech.
Statement, Question, and Focus IntonationB1 — Use Catalan pitch contours to distinguish statements, questions, continuation, and corrective focus.
Listening Across Major Catalan AccentsB1 — Recognize high-value sound cues in Central, Valencian, Balearic, Northwestern, Northern, and Alguerese Catalan.
Careful and Colloquial PronunciationB1 — Distinguish codified careful pronunciation from natural reductions, assimilations, and local colloquial forms.

Consonants

B and V in Standard PronunciationA2 — Master the Central Catalan merger of b and v, their contextual pronunciations, and the regional varieties that preserve /b/–/v/.
Voiced and Voiceless SA2 — Hear and produce the Catalan contrast between /s/ and /z/, read its main spellings, and apply voicing across word boundaries.
The Many Sounds of XA2 — Learn when Catalan x represents /ʃ/, /ks/, /gz/, or the regional affricate /tʃ/, including ix and learned ex- words.
NY, LL, and Other Palatal ConsonantsA2 — Produce Catalan ny and ll as single palatal consonants and understand how yeisme changes the ll sound for many speakers.
TX, TG, TJ, DJ, and IGA2 — Master Catalan voiceless and voiced affricates, their principal spellings, final ig, and alternations across related words.
G, J, GU, QU, and the DiaeresisA2 — Read Catalan g, j, gu, and qu by context, and use the diaeresis to know when written u is pronounced.
R and RRA2 — Distinguish the Catalan tap and trill, predict their spelling by position, and recognize regional patterns for final r.
Final Consonants and DevoicingA2 — Understand Catalan final-obstruent devoicing, cluster simplification, silent consonants, and the different effects of following vowels and consonants.

Foundations

Catalan Pronunciation: A Practical MapA1 — A practical overview of how stress, vowel quality, consonants, syllable rhythm, and connected speech work together in Central Catalan.
Letters and Sounds: The Catalan AlphabetA1 — Learn the Catalan letter names, digraphs, and context-sensitive spelling patterns that turn written words into sounds.
Syllables and Word RhythmA1 — Learn how Catalan builds syllables, divides consonant clusters, handles vowel sequences, and maintains rhythm in connected speech.
Word Stress and the Written AccentA1 — Predict Catalan word stress and use acute and grave accents to identify exceptional stress and stressed vowel quality.

Vowels

The Seven Stressed VowelsA1 — Hear and produce the seven Central Catalan stressed vowels, including the open and closed e and o contrasts hidden by five vowel letters.
Open and Closed E: è and éB1 — Learn to hear and produce Catalan open /ɛ/ and closed /e/, read the two e accents, and check vowel quality when spelling does not show it.
Open and Closed O: ò and óB1 — Learn the Catalan contrast between open /ɔ/ and closed /o/, use ò and ó as pronunciation cues, and handle unaccented words and regional variation.
Vowel Reduction in Central CatalanA1 — Understand how Central Catalan turns unstressed a and e into [ə] and unstressed o into [u], including predictable alternations within word families.
The Schwa /ə/A2 — Recognize and produce Central Catalan schwa [ə], understand why both a and e can represent it, and distinguish regional systems with stressed or no schwa.
Unstressed O and UA2 — Master Central Catalan neutralization of unstressed o and u as [u], and recover the correct spelling through stressed relatives and word families.
Diphthongs, Hiatus, and the DiaeresisA1 — Learn when adjacent Catalan vowels share a syllable, when they separate, and what the diaeresis tells you to pronounce.
I and U as Vowels and GlidesA2 — Recognize when Catalan i and u form a syllable nucleus and when they become the glides [j] and [w].

Questions

Direct Questions

Yes–No QuestionsA1 — How Catalan asks total questions through intonation and punctuation, without English do-support, and how subject position, tags, and short answers shape the expected response.
Question WordsA1 — How to ask for people, things, choices, quantities, manner, time, place, and reasons with Catalan interrogatives and the prepositions they require.

Form and Use

Subject Position in QuestionsA2 — How Catalan places, omits, or postpones a question's subject according to grammatical role, information status, and contrast rather than English auxiliary inversion.
Questions with PrepositionsA2 — How Catalan keeps required prepositions before qui, què, quin, and on in questions, including purpose, destination, source, and verb government.
Embedded QuestionsA2 — How Catalan places questions inside statements and larger questions with si or an interrogative phrase, declarative punctuation, and non-inverted word order.
Question Tags and Confirmation ChecksA2 — How Catalan uses oi, no, veritat, eh, que no, and regional confirmation formulas to seek agreement, check assumptions, and manage politeness.
Alternative and Echo QuestionsA2 — How Catalan distinguishes genuine alternatives from yes–no coordination and uses echo questions to clarify, focus, or express incredulity.

Mastery

Biased and Negative QuestionsC1 — How Catalan questions encode speaker expectations through no, no pas, que no, tags, tense, and explicit polarity in answers.
Interrogation in Legal, Academic, and Journalistic ProseC1 — How formal Catalan frames direct, indirect, reported, and research questions with precise syntax, register, tense, and punctuation.

Pragmatics and Advanced Form

Polite and Indirect QuestionsB1 — How Catalan softens requests for information and action with the conditional, the imperfect, embedded questions, address forms, and service-register choices.
Rhetorical QuestionsB1 — How Catalan questions imply an answer, argue a point, express irony, and guide a listener through polarity and discourse cues.
Multiple InterrogativesB2 — How Catalan asks about two or more unknowns through one fronted interrogative, in-situ remnants, pair-list readings, and clearer paraphrases.
Que and És Que in QuestionsB2 — How unaccented clause-initial que and explanatory és que frame Catalan questions, and how they differ from interrogative què.

Regional Variation

Contact and Register

Spanish Contact without Simplistic PolicingC1 — Analyze Spanish–Catalan contact through borrowing, calquing, code-switching, convergence, and register without stigmatizing bilingual speakers or regional standards.
French, Occitan, Sardinian, and Italian ContactC1 — Distinguish inherited Northern and Alguerese Catalan structures from historical convergence, established contact layers, recent calques, and code-switching.
Urban and Youth CatalanC1 — Understand rapidly changing urban and youth Catalan without confusing age, place, multilingual practice, or informal register with incorrectness.
Broadcast and Media StandardsC1 — Compare the regional pronunciation, morphology, lexical, and subtitling choices that make Catalan media both locally credible and widely intelligible.

Major Varieties

Central CatalanB1 — Recognize Central Catalan vowel reduction, verb and pronoun patterns, and its role as a common teaching baseline without treating it as the whole language.
ValencianB1 — Understand the coherent Valencian standard in its vowels, demonstratives, possessives, verbs, weak pronouns, and register choices.
Balearic CatalanB1 — Recognize Balearic stressed schwa, salat articles, zero first-person endings, weak-pronoun forms, and the division between local speech and public writing.
Northwestern CatalanB1 — Recognize Northwestern Catalan through its Western vowels, article and pronoun forms, verb morphology, transition zones, and standard register choices.
Northern CatalanB1 — Recognize Northern Catalan phonetics, pas-negation, possessives, verb and pronoun forms, and long-term French contact without confusing dialect with interference.
AlguereseB1 — Recognize Alguerese Catalan as a coherent Sardinian variety, with its own sounds, articles, possessives, verb forms, weak pronouns, contact history, and local standard.

Mastery

Historical DialectologyC2 — Trace how sound change, medieval textual geography, migration, contact, and codification produced today's interconnected Catalan varieties.
Comparing Varieties without Ranking ThemC2 — Use matched evidence, feature matrices, corpora, and register controls to compare Catalan varieties accurately and ethically.

Orientation

The Catalan Dialect MapA2 — Orient yourself among Eastern and Western Catalan, their major regional varieties, shared grammar, codified standards, and continuous transition zones.
One Language, Pluricentric StandardsA2 — Understand how IEC and AVL codification, regional standard forms, register, and mutual intelligibility fit within one pluricentric Catalan language.

Systems in Variation

Regional Vowel SystemsB2 — Hear how Central reduction, Western vowel maintenance, Balearic stressed schwa, and regional open–closed patterns coexist under largely shared Catalan spelling.
Regional Article SystemsB2 — Compare the general literary article with Balearic salat forms, regional lo/los, personal articles, elision, and their different social distributions.
Two-Way and Three-Way DemonstrativesB2 — Compare Central two-way and Valencian three-way deixis through aquest, aqueix, aquell and the place adverbs aquí, ací, ahí, allí, and allà.
Regional Possessive SystemsB2 — Compare meva and meua paradigms, Alguerese forms, strong and unstressed possessives, agreement, articles, and idiomatic alternatives with weak pronouns.
Regional Verb MorphologyB2 — Compare coherent Catalan verb paradigms across Central, Valencian, Balearic, Northwestern, Northern, and Alguerese usage without mistaking regional standards for errors.
Regional Weak-Pronoun SystemsB2 — Understand how Catalan weak-pronoun forms, clusters, and the vitality of en and hi vary across coherent regional systems and formal norms.
Regional Grammar–Lexicon InterfacesB2 — See how regional Catalan choices such as sortir or eixir, qualque or algun, and pas or no alter complements, articles, pronouns, and discourse structure.

Register and Style

Advanced Prose

Literary StyleC1 — How contemporary Catalan fiction uses viewpoint, tense, marked order, dialect voice, punctuation, and historical resonance to shape narrative prose.
Inclusive and Nonsexist LanguageC1 — Practical Catalan strategies for representing people fairly through collectives, paired forms, epicene labels, pronouns, and audience-aware revision.
Avoiding Translationese from English and SpanishC2 — How to revise calqued word order, passives, nominalizations, connectors, and collocations according to Catalan information structure.
Editing for Cohesion and RhythmC1 — How to revise Catalan reference chains, clitics, repetition, sentence length, connectors, punctuation, and cadence without flattening the writer's voice.

Everyday to Formal

Informal and Formal CatalanA2 — Choose consistent Catalan address, pronouns, vocabulary, sentence shape, and tone for friends, strangers, workplaces, and public writing.
Spoken versus Written GrammarA2 — Learn how Catalan reorganizes information, reference, connectors, pronouns, and punctuation when speech is edited into clear prose.

Functional Styles

Emails and MessagesB1 — Write clear Catalan emails and messages with coherent address, natural requests, useful paragraphing, and genre-appropriate openings and closings.
Journalistic StyleB1 — Report events in Catalan with informative headlines, explicit attribution, controlled tense, concise syntax, and accurate neutral terminology.
Academic StyleB1 — Build Catalan academic arguments through precise definitions, calibrated claims, evidence, impersonal constructions, integrated citations, and coherent paragraphs.
Administrative and Institutional CatalanB1 — Draft Catalan requests, notices, and resolutions with conventional structure, consistent address, visible agency, precise terminology, and plain-language revisions.

Mastery

Legal DraftingC2 — How Catalan legal and regulatory prose controls definitions, obligation, exceptions, anaphora, numbering, and syntactic ambiguity.
Philological and Historical CommentaryC2 — Present historical Catalan texts through explicit transcription policies, precise glosses, documented variants, and appropriately cautious interpretation.

Sentences

Advanced Sentence Design

Long and Periodic SentencesC1 — Build and edit long Catalan sentences by controlling clause hierarchy, delayed resolution, connectors, punctuation, and processing load.
Verbal versus Nominal StyleC1 — Choose between compact nominalizations and explicit clauses, recovering agents, patients, time, and logical relations in dense formal prose.
Parallelism and BalanceC1 — Build clear, rhythmic Catalan sentences by matching the grammatical shape and discourse weight of coordinated elements.
Diagnosing Structural AmbiguityC1 — Identify and repair Catalan sentences with competing attachment, scope, reference, or relative-clause structures.
Designing Sentences for Given and New InformationC1 — Arrange Catalan topics, focus, subjects, clitics, and heavy constituents so that each sentence grows naturally from its context.

Clause Types

Transitive and Intransitive ClausesA2 — Identify Catalan subjects and objects through verb valency, and use omitted arguments, clitics, and reordered constituents accurately.
Ditransitive ClausesA2 — Express transfers and messages with a theme, a recipient, indirect-object clitics, and discourse-sensitive constituent order.
Impersonal SentencesA2 — Describe weather, existence, necessity, unnamed agents, and general experience without inventing an English-style subject.
Command and Request SentencesA2 — Build Catalan commands and requests with imperatives, negative subjunctives, infinitival notices, clitic placement, and appropriate softening.
Exclamative SentencesA2 — React with Catalan exclamatives built with quin, quant, com, que, and emphatic si, using agreement and word order to shape focus.

Combining Clauses

Coordinating ClausesB1 — Link equal clauses with additive, alternative, adversative, and explanatory relations while controlling punctuation, ellipsis, and scope.
Complement ClausesB1 — Embed statements and events with finite que clauses or infinitives, choosing mood, control, and clause order by meaning.
Adverbial ClausesB1 — Learn how Catalan clauses express time, cause, purpose, result, condition, concession, and comparison, and how position and mood shape their meaning.
Relative ClausesB2 — Distinguish restrictive and nonrestrictive Catalan relative clauses and choose que, què, qui, on, or el qual with accurate punctuation and register.
Reported SpeechB2 — Report Catalan statements, questions, and commands while managing viewpoint, pronouns, time expressions, and optional tense backshifting.

Complex Patterns

Cleft and Pseudocleft SentencesB2 — Use Catalan clefts and pseudoclefts to identify a contrastive focus, while controlling agreement, relative forms, and stylistic weight.
Left and Right DislocationB2 — Use Catalan left and right dislocation with resumptive clitics to mark topics, and distinguish both from contrastive fronting.
Presentational and Inversion ConstructionsB2 — Place discourse-new subjects after appearance, movement, and other unaccusative verbs, and distinguish presentational inversion from topicalization and the passive.
Ellipsis and SubstitutionB2 — Omit recoverable subjects, verbs, and complements safely, and use clitics or fer-ho when Catalan requires an overt substitute.
Parenthetical and Reporting ClausesB2 — Use mobile comments such as crec, diu, és clar, and segons sembla to attribute information and calibrate a speaker's commitment.

Foundations

Basic Clause OrderA1 — Build neutral Catalan clauses and understand when omitted or postverbal subjects change the information structure.
Basic Copular SentencesA1 — Choose ser or estar in identity, adjective, and location predicates, with the agreement and word order each structure requires.
Existential Sentences with Haver-hiA1 — Use invariant haver-hi to introduce people and things, and distinguish Catalan hi ha from English there is and there are.

Spelling

Accentuation

When Catalan Words Take a Written AccentA1 — Decide when Catalan stress must be marked by classifying words as aguda, plana, or esdrúixola.
Acute and Grave AccentsA1 — Choose the correct Catalan accent direction and use é, è, ó, and ò to preserve stressed vowel quality.

Diacritics and Punctuation

The Diaeresis: ï and üB1 — Use Catalan ï and ü to mark hiatus or a pronounced u, and recognize the systematic contexts where the mark is omitted.
The Middle Dot in L·LA2 — Write the Catalan ela geminada accurately, distinguish l·l from ll, and use word families to remember where it belongs.
The ApostropheA2 — Use the Catalan apostrophe with articles, de, and weak pronouns, including the vowel and clitic contexts that block elision.
Hyphens in Pronouns, Compounds, and NumbersB1 — Apply current Catalan hyphen rules to postverbal pronouns, lexical compounds, coordinated prefixes, and written numbers.
Capitalization in CatalanA2 — Use Catalan capitals for sentence beginnings and true proper names while keeping titles, demonyms, weekdays, and months in sentence case.
Catalan Punctuation and SpacingA2 — Apply Catalan commas, colons, semicolons, quotation marks, dashes, sentence marks, and word-internal spacing conventions.

Morphological Spelling

Choosing B or V in WritingB1 — Choose Catalan b or v through word families, recurring environments, verb endings, and high-frequency lexical exceptions.
Choosing S, SS, C, Ç, and ZB1 — Choose among s, ss, c, ç, and z by sound, position, and the spelling of related Catalan words.
Choosing G, J, TG, and TJB1 — Spell Catalan palatal fricatives and affricates with g, j, tg, or tj according to position and word family.
Choosing X, IX, TX, and IGB1 — Choose x, ix, tx, or final ig by combining sound position with evidence from related words.
M, N, MP, and Assimilated NasalsB1 — Write Catalan nasals before consonants and preserve morphological m, n, and silent p despite assimilation.
Writing Final ObstruentsB1 — Choose final p/b, t/d, and c/g when Catalan devoicing makes the competing spellings sound alike.
Proofreading Catalan DiacriticsB1 — Use a repeatable proofreading workflow to catch missing accents, diaereses, apostrophes, hyphens, and middle dots.
Current IEC Spelling and Reduced Diacritical AccentsB1 — Use the current fifteen-word IEC diacritic system and recognize legacy accents in older Catalan texts.

Syntax

Advanced Dependencies

Wh-Movement and ExtractionC2 — Trace Catalan wh-dependencies across clauses, recognize island constraints, and distinguish grammatical complexity from processing difficulty.
Relative-Clause DependenciesC1 — Build Catalan relative clauses with gaps, prepositional relatives, free relatives, and carefully delimited resumptive strategies.
Anaphora and BindingC1 — Track Catalan reflexive, reciprocal, pronominal, and possessive reference through local syntax and discourse viewpoint.
Coordination SyntaxC1 — Understand how Catalan coordinates constituents and clauses while sharing dependents, licensing ellipsis, resolving agreement, and preserving structural parallelism.
Scope and Quantifier InterpretationC1 — Learn how Catalan word order, negation, modals, quantifiers, and focus particles determine which part of a sentence has semantic scope.
Syntactic Variation and NormC1 — Evaluate Catalan syntactic variants by region, register, corpus distribution, and the IEC and AVL standards without confusing variation with error.

Clause Architecture

Null Subjects and Their InterpretationB2 — Learn when Catalan leaves subjects unspoken, how agreement and discourse recover them, and when an overt pronoun is necessary.
The Weak-Pronoun DomainB2 — Master how Catalan weak pronouns choose a verbal host, form ordered clusters, climb within verb chains, and interact with negation.
Raising and ControlB2 — Distinguish raised subjects from understood infinitival subjects with semblar, resultar, voler, prometre, and obligar.
Unaccusative and Unergative VerbsB2 — Understand why some Catalan intransitive verbs present a changing theme while others describe an agentive activity, and how that contrast shapes subject position and participles.
Small Clauses and Secondary PredicationB2 — Analyze Catalan object-plus-predicate structures, depictives, and restricted resultatives, with the agreement patterns that reveal what each predicate describes.

Constituent Structure

Phrases, Heads, and DependentsA2 — Recognize Catalan noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and prepositional phrases by finding their heads and testing them as units.
Arguments versus AdjunctsA2 — Distinguish the participants selected by a Catalan head from optional details of time, place, manner, cause, and circumstance.
Agreement Across the ClauseA2 — How Catalan links subjects, verbs, determiners, nouns, adjectives, predicates, and participles through person, number, and gender agreement.

Word Order and Information Structure

Preverbal and Postverbal SubjectsB1 — How Catalan positions subjects before or after the verb to distinguish established topics, new participants, presentational events, focus, and questions.
Object Position and Clitic ResumptionB1 — How Catalan distinguishes neutral postverbal objects, dislocated topics, contrastive focus, clitic resumption, and heavy-object placement.
Topic and FocusB2 — How Catalan packages clauses around what the discourse is about and what the speaker presents as new, contrastive, or corrective information.
Fronting without DislocationB2 — How Catalan fronts contrastive constituents without topic-style resumption, and how to distinguish focus fronting from dislocation and literary inversion.
Right DislocationB2 — Learn how Catalan places an accessible topic after the clause, links it back with a weak pronoun, and marks the afterthought with its own intonation.
Verb PositionB1 — Understand where Catalan finite verbs stand relative to subjects, negation, weak pronouns, adverbs, and nonfinite complements.

Verb Reference

Advanced and Pronominal Verbs

Conjugation of valerB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of valer and valdre for worth, validity, usefulness, valer-se de, and the valc/valgu-/valdr-/valgut stem family.
Conjugation of convenirB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of convenir and convindre for suitability, advice, agreement, governed complements, and regional standards.
Conjugation of contenirB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of contenir and contindre for contents, restraint, contenir-se, clitic placement, and regional standards.
Conjugation of obtenirB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of obtenir for obtaining results, permission, access, and information, including obtinc, obtingu-, obtindr-, and obtingut.
Conjugation of aparèixerB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of aparèixer for becoming visible, showing up, and being listed, including aparec, apareix-, aparegu-, and aparegut.
Conjugation of desaparèixerB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of desaparèixer for vanishing, going missing, and ceasing to exist, including desaparec, desaparegu-, and desaparegut.
Conjugation of concloureB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of concloure for ending, reaching agreements, and drawing conclusions, including concloc, conclogu-, and conclòs.
Conjugation of incloureB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of incloure for membership, coverage, and listed components, including incloc, incloïa, inclogu-, and inclòs.
Conjugation of excloureB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of excloure for excluding people, possibilities, and cases, with the stem family excloc, exclogu-, exclour-, and exclòs.
Conjugation of resoldreB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of resoldre for solving problems and formally deciding matters, including resolc, resolgu-, resoldr-, and resolt.
Conjugation of conèixer-seC1 — Complete conjugation and syntax of conèixer-se for knowing oneself, knowing one another, and meeting, with reciprocal clitics and the conec/conegu- stem family.
Conjugation of adonar-seC1 — Complete conjugation and clitic syntax of adonar-se for realizing and noticing, including de-complements, en replacement, and compound forms.
Conjugation of anar-se'nC1 — Complete conjugation and two-clitic syntax of anar-se'n for leaving and going away, including me'n vaig, se n'ha anat, and ves-te'n.
Conjugation of recordar-seC1 — Complete conjugation and syntax of recordar-se de, including reflexive clitics, en replacement, compound forms, and the contrast with transitive recordar.
Conjugation of queixar-seC1 — Complete conjugation and syntax of queixar-se, with its obligatory pronominal clitic, de-complements, en replacement, and complaint addressees.
Conjugation of atrevir-seC2 — Complete conjugation and syntax of incoative atrevir-se a, including reflexive clitics, hi replacement, imperatives, and regional stem variants.
Conjugation of caldreC2 — Complete reference for defective caldre, including its third-person paradigm, dative experiencers, noun agreement, infinitival and subjunctive complements, and negation scope.

Core Auxiliaries and Irregulars

Conjugation of serA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of ser, including its suppletive stems, compound forms, imperatives, regional variants, and core uses for identity and classification.
Conjugation of estarA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of estar for states, continued presence, resultant position, and progressive constructions, with regional forms and pronominal estar-se.
Conjugation of haverA1 — Complete conjugation of haver as Catalan's perfect auxiliary, in haver de, and in the existential haver-hi, with impersonal agreement and regional variants.
Conjugation of tenirA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of tenir and tindre for possession, age, physical states, idioms, imperatives, and pronominal uses.
Conjugation of ferA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of fer for doing, making, weather, elapsed time, causatives, idioms, and pronominal fer-se.
Conjugation of anarA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of anar for movement, destinations, the periphrastic past, weak pronouns, and pronominal anar-se'n.
Conjugation of venirA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of venir for motion toward a deictic center, origin, suitability, weak pronouns, and regional forms.
Conjugation of dirA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of dir for saying, telling, naming, meaning, weak-pronoun clusters, commands, and regional forms.

High-Frequency Verbs

Conjugation of poderA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of poder for ability, permission, possibility, polite requests, modal clitics, and regional forms.
Conjugation of volerA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of voler for wants, intentions, polite requests, meanings, reciprocal uses, and regional forms.
Conjugation of saberA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of saber for facts, information, skills, reactions, weak pronouns, and regional forms.
Conjugation of veureA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of veure for sight, understanding, meetings, perception clauses, veure-hi, and regional forms.
Conjugation of donarA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of donar for transfer, recipients, effects, support, time, clitics, and pronominal uses.
Conjugation of prendreA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of prendre for taking, transport, food, decisions, fixed expressions, clitics, and prendre's.
Conjugation of posarA1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of posar for placement, states, devices, clothing, clitics, and the many meanings of posar-se.
Conjugation of sortirA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of sortir for going out, leaving, emerging, and turning out, with its surt- stem and governed prepositions.
Conjugation of arribarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of arribar for arrival, reaching a point, and managing to do something, with prepositions and regional standards.
Conjugation of passarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of passar for passing, spending time, happening, handing things over, and its pronominal idioms.
Conjugation of quedarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of quedar and quedar-se for remaining, arranging to meet, fitting, and results.
Conjugation of trobarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of trobar and trobar-se for finding, considering, meeting, location, and physical state.
Conjugation of parlarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of parlar for speaking, discussing topics, languages, interlocutors, and common weak-pronoun patterns.
Conjugation of pensarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of pensar for thoughts, opinions, intentions, reconsideration, and its central clitic constructions.
Conjugation of tornarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of tornar for returning, giving back, repetition, changes of state, and pronominal movement.
Conjugation of conèixerA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of conèixer for acquaintance, familiarity, first meetings, expertise, and its velar stem family.
Conjugation of viureA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of viure for being alive, residing, subsisting, experiencing life, and its irregular velar stems.
Conjugation of sentirA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of sentir for hearing, feeling, apologizing, and describing physical or emotional states.
Conjugation of mirarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of mirar for looking, watching, checking, and trying to do something.
Conjugation of portarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of portar for carrying, bringing, wearing, duration, causation, and behavior.
Conjugation of deixarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of deixar for leaving, allowing, lending, stopping, and accidentally leaving possessions behind.
Conjugation of començarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of començar, including its c/ç spelling alternation and the patterns començar a and començar per.
Conjugation of esperarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of esperar for waiting, hoping, expecting, and its distinct pronominal constructions.
Conjugation of buscarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of buscar, including its c/qu spelling alternation, direct-object syntax, clitics, and pronominal meanings.
Conjugation of entrarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of entrar for movement inward, entering states and institutions, transitive uses, and locative clitics.
Conjugation of treballarA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of treballar, with profession, workplace, project, employer, clitic, and pronominal patterns.
Conjugation of escriureA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of escriure, including escric/escrigu-, escriv-, the irregular participle escrit, recipients, and clitics.
Conjugation of perdreA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of perdre for losing, missing, wasting, getting lost, and its regular second-conjugation stem family.
Conjugation of obrirA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of obrir for physical and figurative opening, with the irregular participle obert and pronominal obrir-se.
Conjugation of seguirA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of seguir for following and continuing, including its incoative present, seguint, clitics, and regional forms.
Conjugation of llegirA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of llegir for reading texts, reading aloud, interpretation, recipients, and its incoative present forms.
Conjugation of créixerA2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of créixer for physical, demographic, and figurative growth, including creix-, cresc-, and crescut.
Conjugation of néixerA2 — Complete reference for néixer ‘to be born’: its neix-, naix-, nasqu-, and nasc- stems, compound forms, regional standards, and core constructions.
Conjugation of morirA2 — Complete reference for morir ‘to die’: its mostly regular paradigm, irregular participle mort, pronominal morir-se, compound forms, and regional variants.
Conjugation of córrerA2 — Complete reference for córrer ‘to run’: its corr- and corregu- stems, compound forms, clitic syntax, common constructions, and regional variants.

Pattern Verbs

Conjugation of durB1 — Complete reference for dur ‘to carry, take, wear’: its du-, dug-, and dur- stems, clitics, duration construction, regional forms, and full paradigm.
Conjugation of caureB1 — Complete reference for caure ‘to fall’: its caic, queia, caigu-, caur-, and caigut stems, nonpronominal syntax, clitics, idioms, and regional forms.
Conjugation of creureB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of creure, with its crec/cregu-/creur- stem family, the participle cregut, and the contrasts among creure, creure en, and creure's.
Conjugation of riureB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of riure, with its ric/rig-/riur- stem family, the participle rigut, and the pronominal pattern riure's de and riure-se'n.
Conjugation of seureB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of intransitive seure, with its sec/seg-/seur- stem family, the participle segut, locative hi, and the contrast with asseure and asseure's.
Conjugation of treureB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of treure and traure, including trec/trac, tragu-/traur-, the participle tret, regional standards, and high-frequency clitic constructions.
Conjugation of beureB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of beure, including bec/bev-/begu-/beur-, the participle begut, pronominal beure's, and natural complements for drinks and containers.
Conjugation of vendreB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of vendre, with the venc/ven-/veng-/vendr- stem families, the participle venut, and the syntax of buyers, prices, clitics, and pronominal vendre's.
Conjugation of entendreB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of entendre, including entenc/enten-/enteng-/entendr-, the participle entès, clitic patterns, and the distinct meanings of entendre, entendre-hi, and entendre's.
Conjugation of aprendreB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of aprendre, including aprenc/apren-/apreng-/aprendr-, the participle après, and the syntax of learning skills, facts, and memorized material.
Conjugation of respondreB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of respondre, including responc/respon-/respong-/respondr-, the participle respost, and the syntax of replies, questions, responsibility, and clitics.
Conjugation of rebreB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of rebre, including rebo/reb-/rebr-, the participle rebut, regional subjunctives, and the syntax of receiving things, people, messages, treatment, and blows.
Conjugation of dormirB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of dormir for sleeping, spending the night, and related pronominal expressions.
Conjugation of servirB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of servir for serving, being useful, fulfilling a purpose, and using something.
Conjugation of decidirB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of decidir for making decisions, choosing options, and finally resolving to act.
Conjugation of aconseguirB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of aconseguir for obtaining something, achieving a result, and managing to act.
Conjugation of demanarB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of demanar for asking for things, making requests, and addressing requests to people.
Conjugation of recordarB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of recordar for remembering and reminding, including its regular paradigm and the contrast with recordar-se de.
Conjugation of semblarB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of semblar for impressions and opinions, with dative experiencers, clause patterns, and the contrast with assemblar-se.
Conjugation of mantenirB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of mantenir, including its tenir-family stems and the contrast between maintaining something and remaining in a state.
Conjugation of convertirB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of incoative convertir for converting something and pronominal convertir-se en for becoming.
Conjugation of admetreB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of admetre for admitting, accepting, and allowing, including its contracted future and irregular participle admès.
Conjugation of permetreB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of permetre for allowing and enabling, including contracted future forms, the irregular participle permès, and pronominal poder-se permetre.
Conjugation of oferirB1 — Complete contemporary conjugation of incoative oferir for offering and providing, including the standard participles ofert and oferit and pronominal oferir-se a.
Conjugation of produirB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of produir for producing, causing, and occurring, with its produeix-/produï- alternation and participle produït.
Conjugation of conduirB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of conduir for driving, leading, and conducting, with its condueix-/conduï- alternation and participle conduït.
Conjugation of construirB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of construir for building concrete and abstract structures, with its construeix-/construï- alternation and participle construït.
Conjugation of moureB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of moure, including its moc/mogu-/mogut stem family, movement constructions, clitics, and pronominal moure's.
Conjugation of cabreB2 — Complete contemporary conjugation of cabre and caber for spatial capacity, including cabo/cap, càpiga, cabut, the clitic hi, and regional standards.

Verbs

Advanced Mood, Tense, and Aspect

Tense Transposition in NarrativeC1 — How Catalan shifts tense to adopt a narrator's viewpoint, soften commitment, and express conjecture rather than merely locating events in time.
Lexical Aspect and Tense ChoiceC1 — How states, activities, accomplishments, and achievements interact with imperfective, progressive, perfective, and perfect viewpoints in Catalan.
Subjunctive Variation Across StandardsC1 — A comparative guide to Central, Valencian, and Balearic present and imperfect subjunctive paradigms within the Catalan standard language.
Mood after Factive and Evaluative PredicatesC1 — Choose indicative or subjunctive by separating assertion from presupposition, evaluation, negation, focus, and speaker commitment.
The Counterfactual SystemC1 — Build open, remote, past-unreal, and mixed Catalan conditionals by coordinating the viewpoint of the si-clause with the tense of its result.
Historical Future SubjunctiveC1 — Read hypothetical future clauses in older Catalan without inventing a separate Catalan future-subjunctive paradigm.

Conditional

Forming the ConditionalA2 — How Catalan builds the simple conditional from the infinitive or future stem plus one shared set of endings.
Uses of the ConditionalA2 — How the Catalan conditional expresses hypothetical results, polite distance, future-in-the-past, advice, and cautious claims.
The Conditional PerfectB1 — Form and use hauria plus a past participle for unreal past results, later-completed events viewed from the past, and carefully distanced reports.
Conditional Politeness and DistanceA2 — Choose among volia, voldria, podria, and m'agradaria to soften requests naturally in Catalan conversations and service encounters.
The Reportive ConditionalB1 — Use and interpret the Catalan conditional of unconfirmed information without confusing grammatical distance with evidence or verified fact.

Foundations

The Catalan Verb System: A First MapA1 — Understand Catalan person endings, conjugations, moods, tenses, nonfinite forms, auxiliaries, and pronoun placement as one system.
The Three Conjugations: -ar, -er or -re, and -irA1 — Use a Catalan infinitive to identify its conjugation, anticipate its endings, and recognize the pure and incoative patterns within the third conjugation.
Subject–Verb AgreementA1 — Match Catalan finite verbs to six person–number combinations, omit recoverable subjects, and handle coordinated subjects and polite vostè correctly.
Stems, Theme Vowels, and EndingsA1 — Break Catalan verb forms into reusable pieces and distinguish predictable allomorphy and spelling repair from genuine irregularity.
Finite and Nonfinite Verb FormsA1 — Distinguish person-marked indicative, subjunctive, and imperative forms from infinitives, gerunds, and participles and use each to build clauses.

Future Indicative

Forming the Simple FutureA2 — Build regular Catalan future forms from the infinitive base and the endings -é, -às, -à, -em, -eu, and -an.
Irregular Future StemsA2 — Master the high-frequency future bases far-, haur-, podr-, sabr-, tindr-, vindr-, voldr-, and their related families.
Uses of the FutureA2 — How Catalan uses the simple future for predictions, promises, plans, and formal instructions—and when the present is more natural.
The Conjectural FutureB1 — How the future can express a present-time guess in informal Catalan, and why deure plus infinitive is the safer standard choice.
The Future PerfectB1 — How haurà plus a past participle marks completion before a future reference point and, informally, conjecture about a completed event.

Gerund

Forming the GerundA2 — Form regular and irregular Catalan gerunds, pronounce their stress correctly, and attach weak pronouns without adding person endings.
Gerunds for Simultaneous Manner and CircumstanceA2 — Use Catalan gerund clauses for manner, means, and accompanying action while keeping their subject and punctuation clear.
Progressive Periphrases with the GerundA2 — Choose among estar, anar, continuar, and seguir plus a gerund, and avoid nonstandard aspectual venir plus gerund.
The Posterior Gerund ProblemA2 — Recognize gerunds that wrongly express a later result or consequence and repair them with clear finite clauses.
Avoiding Dangling GerundsA2 — Keep a Catalan gerund tied to the person or thing that performs its action, and repair ambiguous passive and impersonal sentences.
The Compound GerundA2 — Form the Catalan compound gerund with havent plus a participle and use it for a completed circumstance before another event.

Imperative

Affirmative ImperativesA2 — Form affirmative Catalan commands for tu, vostè, nosaltres, vosaltres, and vostès, with correct agreement and weak-pronoun placement.
Negative ImperativesA2 — Build Catalan prohibitions with no plus the present subjunctive, placing weak pronouns correctly for every command person.
Irregular Tu and Vosaltres CommandsA2 — Master the high-frequency Catalan commands digues, fes, ves, vine, tingues, sigues, estigues, duu, and their plural or regional counterparts.
Weak Pronouns with Affirmative CommandsA2 — Learn where Catalan weak pronouns go in affirmative commands and how hyphens, apostrophes, stress, and pronoun clusters work.
Commands, Requests, and Pragmatic ForceA2 — Choose among Catalan imperatives, polite questions, conditional requests, and impersonal instructions without sounding abrupt or unnatural.
First-Person Plural ImperativesA2 — Form and use Catalan first-person plural commands for proposals, joint action, warnings, and institutionally framed appeals.
Infinitives in Instructions and SignsB1 — Understand directive infinitives on Catalan signs and in procedures, and know when an imperative or impersonal construction is the better choice.

Imperfect Indicative

Regular -ar Verbs in the ImperfectA2 — Form regular Catalan -ar imperfects in -ava and use them for past descriptions, habits, and background activity.
Regular -er, -re, and -ir Verbs in the ImperfectA2 — Use the shared Catalan -ia imperfect paradigm, including its stress, accents, and diaeresis patterns.
Imperfect of SerA2 — Form era, eres, era, érem, éreu, and eren and use them for identity, description, time, and background setting in the past.
Irregular Imperfect FormsA2 — Master the contracted Catalan imperfects deia, feia, veia, duia, seia, and reia, including their stress and spelling.
Uses of the ImperfectA2 — Use the Catalan imperfect for past habits, background scenes, simultaneous situations, age and time, polite distancing, and unreal play.
Imperfect versus Estava plus GerundA2 — Choose between the simple imperfect and estava plus gerund for past background, focused ongoing activity, and interruption scenes.

Imperfect Subjunctive

Forming the Imperfect SubjunctiveB1 — Build Central Catalan imperfect-subjunctive forms with the correct conjugation stem, stress, accents, agreement, and regional alternatives.
Irregular Imperfect SubjunctivesB1 — Master the high-frequency irregular stems of the Catalan imperfect subjunctive and the velar families that make many forms predictable.
Past-Time Subjunctive in Dependent ClausesB1 — Use the imperfect subjunctive after past wishes, emotions, evaluations, doubts, and influence while preserving time relations and assertion contrasts.
Imperfect Subjunctive for Present or Future UnrealityB1 — Use the imperfect subjunctive for remote conditions, counterfactual present situations, wishes, and politely distanced proposals.
Com Si and Other Irrealis FramesB2 — Choose the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive after com si according to whether an imagined comparison is simultaneous or anterior.

Infinitive

Infinitive Forms and Conjugation ClassesA2 — Recognize Catalan infinitives, their stress patterns, and the three conjugation classes that organize finite verb forms.
Infinitives as Subjects and PredicatesA2 — Use a bare infinitive clause for an activity as subject or predicate, and distinguish it from a genuinely nominalized infinitive with a determiner.
Infinitives after PrepositionsA2 — Choose the preposition that expresses or is selected by the relationship, then use an infinitive—not an English-style gerund—when it introduces an event.
Infinitives after Modal and Control VerbsA2 — Combine poder, voler, saber, intentar, decidir, and prometre with an infinitive, and identify who performs the infinitive's action.
Fer plus InfinitiveB1 — Build Catalan causatives with fer plus a bare infinitive, marking the person made to act as a direct or indirect object according to the infinitive's transitivity.
Perception Verbs plus InfinitiveB1 — Use veure, sentir, and escoltar with a bare infinitive to present a perceived event, and contrast the whole-event view with gerund and finite alternatives.
Expressing the Subject of an InfinitiveB1 — Learn how Catalan identifies an infinitive's understood or explicit subject and when a finite que-clause is clearer.

Mastery and Historical Grammar

Medieval and Early Modern Past SystemsC2 — Decode older Catalan narratives by separating the synthetic past, the emerging go-past, and compound tenses with haver or ésser.
Archaic and Dialectal Personal EndingsC2 — Interpret old and regional Catalan verb endings without confusing historical forms, standard territorial variants, and informal analogies.
Literary Nonfinite CompressionC2 — Use infinitival, gerundial, and participial clauses to compress advanced Catalan prose without obscuring subjects or event order.
Normative Choices in High-Level Verb StyleC2 — Choose consistently among standard Catalan verb variants while respecting territory, register, genre, and quoted voice.

Passive and Impersonal

The Ser PassiveB2 — Build and use the Catalan ser passive with agreement and per agents, while choosing it only when patient-centered information structure justifies it.
Passive SeB2 — Form the Catalan passive with es and a third-person verb, enforce agreement with the patient, and distinguish it from reflexive and impersonal constructions.
Impersonal SeB2 — Use impersonal es with a third-person singular verb to describe what people do when the human agent is generic or deliberately left unnamed.
Impersonal Third-Person PluralB2 — Use an agentless third-person plural verb when unnamed people, officials, workers, or other human actors perform the action.
Generic Tu and Second PersonB2 — Use an omitted second-person subject to turn personal experience into an inclusive generalization, while controlling its conversational register and possible ambiguity.
Existential Haver-hi Across TensesB2 — Master the invariant existential forms hi ha, hi havia, hi va haver, hi haurà, and hi hagi, together with standard singular agreement and partitive n'hi.
Presentational ConstructionsB2 — Introduce new discourse referents with haver-hi, ser-hi, and presentational verbs such as arribar and aparèixer while controlling agreement and word order.
Middle and Anticausative SeB2 — Use Catalan se to present a change, disposition, or accidental event without profiling an external causer.

Past Contrasts

Periphrastic Past versus ImperfectB1 — Choose between vaig parlar and parlava by reading event boundaries, narrative foreground, habits, completed counts, and viewpoint.
Present Perfect versus Periphrastic PastB1 — Choose between he parlat and vaig parlar by locating an event in relation to today, the current time frame, and the speaker's viewpoint.
Pluperfect versus Other Past TensesB2 — Use havia parlat to place one situation before a past reference point, and learn when ordinary chronological narration is enough.
Past Tenses with Time ExpressionsB1 — Use ahir, avui, ja, encara no, mai, sovint, and de sobte as clues to temporal viewpoint rather than automatic tense triggers.
Translating the English Simple PastB1 — Map the English simple past to Catalan vaig parlar, parlava, he parlat, or havia parlat by reading aspect and discourse time.

Past Participle

Forming Past ParticiplesA2 — Build Catalan participles in -at, -ut, and -it, spell hiatus forms correctly, and learn the major irregular families.
Participles in Compound TensesA2 — Use haver plus a normally invariable participle, place negation and clitics correctly, and recognize restricted object agreement.
Absolute Participial ConstructionsA2 — Use a detached agreeing participle to frame a completed circumstance, usually in concise formal or written Catalan.
Double and Competing ParticiplesA2 — Choose among accepted Catalan participle doublets by region, register, syntactic use, and lexical meaning.

Perfect Subjunctives

The Present Perfect SubjunctiveB2 — Form hagi plus a participle and use it for completed events viewed from a present or future nonassertive frame.
The Pluperfect SubjunctiveB2 — Form hagués plus a participle for events anterior to past attitudes and for unreal or regretted past alternatives.
Sequence of Tenses in Subjunctive ClausesB2 — Choose among present, imperfect, present perfect, and pluperfect subjunctives by combining viewpoint, relative time, aspect, and assertion status.
Independent Uses of the SubjunctiveB2 — Use Catalan subjunctive forms in wishes, exhortations, concessions, rejecting echoes, and fixed expressions without an overt governing clause.
Indicative or Subjunctive: Assertion and StanceB2 — Choose Catalan indicative or subjunctive by tracking commitment, identification, factual concession, desired outcomes, and temporal viewpoint.

Periphrases

Haver de plus InfinitiveA2 — Express personal obligation, expectation, and planned action with the central Catalan periphrasis haver de plus infinitive.
Cal, Caldre, and Cal QueA2 — Express impersonal necessity with caldre before a noun, an infinitive, or a subjunctive clause, including its common weak-pronoun patterns.
Anar a plus InfinitiveA2 — Use anar a plus infinitive for narrowly defined imminence and announcements without copying the all-purpose English or Spanish near future.
Començar a, Posar-se a, and Arrencar aA2 — Choose the Catalan inchoative periphrasis that presents a beginning neutrally, as a deliberate or sudden onset, or as an energetic outburst.
Acabar de and Deixar deA2 — Use acabar de for a just-completed event or incomplete attainment, and deixar de for stopping an activity, with precise control of tense and negation.
Continuar, Seguir, and Anar plus GerundA2 — Distinguish persistent continuar or seguir plus a gerund from gradual and cumulative anar plus a gerund.
Tornar a plus InfinitiveA2 — Express repeated events and restored states with tornar a plus an infinitive, and distinguish its scope from de nou and negation.
Soler plus Infinitive and Habitual AlternativesA2 — Express present and past habits with defective soler plus an infinitive, acostumar a, frequency adverbs, and the habitual imperfect.
Arribar a, Acabar per, and Anar a Parar aA2 — Learn how Catalan presents an eventual achievement, a final outcome, or an unintended destination with arribar a, acabar per, and anar a parar a.
Intentar, Mirar de, and Tractar deA2 — Choose among intentar, mirar de, and tractar de to express attempts with the right complement, degree of commitment, and register.
Poder, Deure, and PotserA2 — Distinguish ability, permission, possibility, and inference with poder, deure plus an infinitive, and the modal adverb potser.
Deure plus Infinitive for ProbabilityB1 — Use deure plus a simple or perfect infinitive to express present and past inference without confusing probability with obligation.
Dur, Portar, and Fer for DurationB1 — Express how long an ongoing or absent situation has lasted with fa... que, des de fa, and the newer dur or portar duration constructions.
Anar, Venir, and Quedar plus Nonfinite FormsB1 — Use anar and quedar with nonfinite forms, and avoid the nonstandard temporal calque venir plus gerund while preserving literal motion uses.
Ser or Estar plus ParticipleB1 — Distinguish the eventive passive with ser from the resultant state with estar by tracking events, states, agreement, agents, and viewpoint.
Deixar plus InfinitiveB1 — Use deixar plus infinitive for permission or nonprevention, and distinguish it from deixar de for stopping, omission, and emphatic continuation.

Periphrastic Past

Forming the Periphrastic PastA2 — Build Catalan’s ordinary past with the auxiliary forms vaig, vas, va, vam, vau, van and an unchanged infinitive.
Using the Periphrastic PastA2 — Use the periphrastic past for completed events and bounded sequences in a past time frame, especially in ordinary speech.
Vaig Parlar versus Vaig a ParlarA2 — Distinguish completed-past vaig parlar from present motion or restricted imminence in vaig a parlar.
Negating and Questioning the Periphrastic PastA2 — Learn where negation, weak pronouns, subjects, and question words go around Catalan vaig + infinitive.
Weak Pronouns with the Periphrastic PastB1 — Place Catalan weak pronouns before the past auxiliary or, where licensed, attach them to the infinitive.
Regional Forms of the Periphrastic PastB1 — Compare short and expanded Catalan periphrastic-past auxiliaries and understand where each series is used.

Pluperfect and Anteriority

The Pluperfect IndicativeB1 — Use havia plus a participle to locate an event before another past reference point.
The Past AnteriorB1 — Recognize and interpret hagué plus a participle as an immediately completed event before another past event.
The Perfect InfinitiveB1 — Use haver plus a participle to express an action already completed relative to a modal, preposition, report, or hypothetical viewpoint.

Present Indicative

Regular -ar Verbs in the PresentA1 — Form and use the regular Catalan present in -ar for current actions, habits, general truths, and scheduled events.
Regular -er and -re Verbs in the PresentA1 — Form and use the present indicative of regular second-conjugation verbs such as perdre and rebre.
Pure -ir Verbs in the PresentA1 — Conjugate non-incoative -ir verbs such as dormir and sentir in the Catalan present indicative.
Incoative -ir Verbs in the PresentA1 — Learn where Central Catalan inserts -eix- in verbs such as servir and how Valencian -isc/-ix forms correspond.
Present of SerA1 — Use soc, ets, és, som, sou, and són for identity, classification, origin, time, and location in Catalan.
Present of EstarA1 — Use estic, estàs, està, estem, esteu, and estan for states, results, durative locations, and focused ongoing actions.
Present of Haver and Haver-hiA1 — Use present-tense haver as a perfect auxiliary, distinguish it from invariant existential hi ha, and place weak pronouns correctly.
Present of TenirA1 — Conjugate present-tense tenir and use it naturally for possession, age, sensations, obligations, and common everyday expressions.
Present of AnarA1 — Conjugate present-tense anar for movement and plans, and distinguish the same-looking forms used to build the periphrastic past.
Present of FerA1 — Conjugate present-tense fer and use it for actions, weather, elapsed time, causation, and essential Catalan collocations.
Common Present-Stem IrregularitiesA2 — Recognize the recurring stem patterns behind high-frequency irregular present-tense verbs such as poder, voler, dir, veure, and tenir.
Present-Tense Spelling ChangesA2 — Keep a Catalan verb stem's consonant or vowel sequence stable by alternating c/qu, g/gu, ç/c, j/g, and diaeresis spellings.
Present-Tense Vowel AlternationsA2 — Recognize the stress-conditioned and lexical vowel alternations in Catalan presents such as surto/sortim, cullo/collim, and treu/traiem.
Velar Stems in the PresentA2 — Learn the Catalan verb family whose first-person present ends in a velar consonant, as in bec, dic, duc, tinc, and vinc.
Uses of the Present IndicativeA2 — Use the Catalan present indicative for habits, states, current events, performatives, general truths, schedules, narrative, and live commentary.
Simple Present or Estar plus GerundA2 — Choose between the neutral Catalan simple present and estar plus gerund when an action is unfolding now or over a limited period.
Present Forms with Future MeaningA2 — Use the Catalan present for scheduled events, settled plans, and imminent actions whose future time is clear from context.
The Historical PresentA2 — Use the present indicative to bring past events into the listener’s now in stories, headlines, summaries, and jokes.

Present Perfect

Forming the Present PerfectA2 — Build the Catalan present perfect with present haver plus a past participle, and place negation, questions, and weak pronouns correctly.
Regular Past ParticiplesA2 — Form Catalan past participles in -at, -ut, and -it and use them correctly with haver.
Common Irregular Past ParticiplesA2 — Learn Catalan's high-frequency irregular participles through reusable families and contrasts.
Uses of the Present PerfectA2 — Use the Catalan present perfect for present relevance, experience, recent events, and open time periods.
Why the Participle Usually Does Not Agree with HaverB1 — Distinguish the invariable participle in compound tenses from agreement with objects, adjectives, and passive subjects.

Present Subjunctive

Present Subjunctive of Regular -ar VerbsB1 — Form the Central Catalan -i present subjunctive of regular -ar verbs, with correct stress, spelling changes, agreement, and regional -e variants.
Present Subjunctive of -er, -re, and -ir VerbsB1 — Build present-subjunctive forms of regular second- and third-conjugation verbs, including pure and incoative -ir patterns and regional standards.
Velar and Irregular Subjunctive StemsB1 — Build Catalan present-subjunctive forms such as digui, tingui, vingui, pugui, and conegui from their irregular velar stems.
Subjunctive of Ser, Estar, and HaverB1 — Use sigui, estigui, and hagi accurately as copulas, an auxiliary, and the impersonal existential hi hagi.
Spelling Changes in the Present SubjunctiveB1 — Preserve Catalan stem sounds and syllable boundaries with c/qu, g/gu, ç/c, j/g, and the diaeresis in present-subjunctive forms.
What the Subjunctive ContributesB1 — Understand the Catalan subjunctive as a mood of dependent, nonasserted situations—not simply uncertainty.
Subjunctive after Wishes and InfluenceB1 — Use the Catalan subjunctive after wanting, requesting, requiring, allowing, and preventing, with the right subject structure.
Subjunctive after Emotion and EvaluationB1 — Use the present subjunctive when a Catalan clause is reacted to, judged, or presented through an emotional response.
Subjunctive after Doubt, Denial, and RejectionB1 — Choose the subjunctive when a speaker withholds commitment to a proposition through doubt, denial, or rejection.
Subjunctive after Impersonal ExpressionsB1 — Use impersonal frames to express necessity, advice, possibility, and evaluation with an appropriately marked dependent clause.
Purpose Clauses with PerquèB1 — Distinguish purpose perquè with the subjunctive from causal perquè with the indicative, and choose finite or infinitival purpose clauses by subject reference.
Future Time Clauses and the SubjunctiveB1 — Present pending future events after quan, fins que, tan bon punt, and abans que with the appropriate Catalan mood and tense.
Subjunctive in Indefinite and Negative Relative ClausesB2 — Choose between indicative and subjunctive in Catalan relative clauses according to whether the antecedent is identified, asserted, sought, or denied.
Subjunctive in Concessive ClausesB2 — Use mood in Catalan concessive clauses to distinguish asserted obstacles from possibilities and circumstances treated as irrelevant.

Simple Past and Literary Forms

The Simple Past: Regular ParadigmsC1 — Recognize and form the regular Catalan synthetic past across the three conjugations, with correct stress and spelling.
The Simple Past: Irregular StemsC1 — Recognize the most frequent irregular Catalan simple-past stems, including fou, feu, digué, tingué, and vingué.
Where the Simple Past Is UsedC1 — Understand the literary, historical, liturgical, and regional settings in which Catalan uses the synthetic simple past.
Simple Past and Past Anterior in Formal Temporal ClausesC1 — Sequence completed past events with quan, així que, després que, and the literary past anterior, then recast them naturally in modern prose.

Word Formation

Advanced Morphology

Allomorphy in Derivational FamiliesC1 — Why one Catalan lexical family can show several stems, with productive spelling alternations, stress shifts, and inherited or learned variants.
Creating and Evaluating NeologismsC1 — How Catalan creates and assesses new words through productive morphology, transparent meaning, terminology work, and evidence of real use.
From Productive Pattern to Lexicalized WordC1 — How regularly formed Catalan words acquire conventional meanings, fossilized structures, and limits that block free analogical creation.

Compounding and Conversion

Compound WordsB1 — Understand Catalan verb–noun, noun–noun, adjective, and learned compounds through their heads, spelling, linking vowels, agreement, and plurals.
Conversion between Word ClassesB1 — Recognize when Catalan infinitives, adjectives, participles, and unchanged stems function as nouns or adverbs, and what grammar changes with the category.
Clippings, Acronyms, and InitialismsB1 — How shortened words and letter-based names acquire Catalan gender, articles, pronunciation, plurals, and capitalization.
Integrating LoanwordsB1 — How Catalan adapts or quotes borrowed words, assigning spelling, pronunciation, gender, plural forms, and typographic treatment.

Derivation

Productive PrefixesA2 — Build and interpret Catalan words with re-, des-, in-, pre-, post-, sobre-, sub-, and auto-, including assimilation, scope, stress, and hyphenation.
Noun-Forming SuffixesA2 — Form and interpret Catalan nouns in -ció, -ment, -tat, -esa, -eria, and -dor while controlling gender, stress, spelling, and lexical competition.
Adjective-Forming SuffixesA2 — Build and interpret Catalan adjectives with -ós, -al, -ari, -enc, -í, and -able while respecting agreement, spelling, and lexical convention.
Verb-Forming SuffixesA2 — Form and interpret Catalan verbs in -itzar, -ificar, -ejar, and -ir, including argument structure, incoative inflection, spelling, and register.
Evaluative SuffixesA2 — Use Catalan -et, -ó, -às, and -íssim forms for size, affection, irony, and intensity without overlooking spelling, agreement, or regional preference.