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### "The" goes on the end

English puts *the* in front of the noun. Swedish welds it onto the back: **barnet** (the child), **hunden** (the dog), **familjen** (the family). There is no separate word — the ending is doing the work of "the". It is not a plural and not a case ending.

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### The ending is the gender

Swedish nouns come in two genders, and this is where you see it: **-en** (or just **-n** after a vowel) is common, **-et** (or **-t**) is neuter. Nothing in the meaning predicts it — *hunden* is common, *barnet* is neuter — so nouns are learned in this form.

### "To be": är

Swedish verbs do not change for person. *vara* is **är** for everybody.

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### den and det

The gender decides which "it" you use: **den** for an *-en* noun, **det** for an *-et* noun. **det** is also how you point something out, whatever the gender.

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### här and och

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The definite ending (barnet, hunden)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Indefinite articles and -ar verbs (en, ett)

Basic word order

Singular adjectives (stor, stort)

Plural adjectives (-a)

Sentence negation (inte)

Yes/No questions

Basic question words (vad, vem, var)

Regular Group 2 verbs (-er)

Short verbs and irregulars (har, gör)

The infinitive marker (att)

Modal verbs (kan, vill, måste, får)

Future intention (ska)

Time adverbs (imorgon, igår)

Word order inversion

Adverbs of frequency (ibland, aldrig)

Everyday things (dörren, stolen, tåget)

Definite suffix spelling changes

Plural nouns Group 1 and 2 (-or, -ar)

Plural nouns Group 3 (-er, -r)

Neuter indefinite plurals

Definite plural suffixes (-na, -a, -en)

Object pronouns (mig, dig, oss)

Reflexive pronouns (sig)

Expanded question words (när, varför)

Which and what (vilken, vilket, vilka)

Coordinating conjunctions (men, eller, för)

Prepositions of place (i, på, till, från)

Quantifiers (mycket, många)

Indefinite pronouns (någon, något, några)

First and second person possessives (min, din, vår, er)

Third person possessives (hans, hennes, dess, deras)

Reflexive possessives (sin, sitt, sina)

The genitive (-s)

Adjectives before singular nouns

Adjectives before plural nouns (-a)

Double definiteness (den, det, de)

Demonstratives (den här, det här, de här)

The imperative mood

Past tense of vara and ha (var, hade)

Possessives for names (-s)

Definite plural adjectives (de ... -a)

Genitive case for names (-s)

Numbers 1 to 10 (en, två, tre...)

Numbers 11 to 20 (elva till tjugo)

Counting by tens to 100 (trettio, fyrtio...)

Days of the week (måndag, tisdag...)

Months of the year (januari, februari...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (första, andra...)

Greetings and politeness (hej, tack, förlåt)

Particle verbs of direction (gå ut, komma in)

Simple past: Group 1 (-ade)

Simple past: Group 2a (-de)

Simple past: Group 2b (-te)

Simple past: Group 3 (-dde)

Simple past: Group 4

Present perfect: Groups 1 and 2 (har)

Present perfect: Groups 3 and 4

Past perfect (hade)

Future predictions (kommer att)

Future with present tense

The adjective small (liten, litet, små)

Demonstratives of distance (den där, det där, de där)

Negative pronouns (ingen, inget, inga)

Universal pronouns (all, allt, alla)

The generic pronoun (man, en)

Possessive generic pronoun (ens)

Reciprocal pronoun (varandra)

Qualitative pronouns (sådan, sådant, sådana)

Habitual time expressions (på)

Specific past time expressions (i)

Past time expressions (för ... sedan)

Future time expressions (om)

Location and motion adverbs (här/hit, där/dit)

Consequences (så)

Correlative conjunctions (både ... och)

Either and neither (antingen ... eller, varken ... eller)

Verbs of opinion and belief (tycker, tror, tänker)

Subordinate clauses (att, om)

Time clauses (när, innan, medan)

Clauses of cause (eftersom, därför att)

Negation in subordinate clauses (inte)

V2 word order inversion

Relative clauses as subjects (som)

Relative clauses as objects (som)

Relative clauses for places (där)

Adverbs from adjectives (-t)

Adjective comparative and superlative (-are, -ast)

Irregular comparisons

Question	Answer
I	jag
to be	vara
the child	barnet
here	här
The child is here.	Barnet är här.
I am the child.	Jag är barnet.
I am here.	Jag är här.
you (singular)	du
You are the child.	Du är barnet.
You are here.	Du är här.
he	han
she	hon
He is the child.	Han är barnet.
She is the child.	Hon är barnet.
the dog	hunden
The dog is here.	Hunden är här.
it (neuter)	det
It is the child.	Det är barnet.
That is the dog.	Det är hunden.
the family	familjen
The family is here.	Familjen är här.
we	vi
We are the family.	Vi är familjen.
you (plural, subject)	ni
You are the family.	Ni är familjen.
You (plural) are here.	Ni är här.
they	de
They are the family.	De är familjen.
They are here.	De är här.
That is the family.	Det är familjen.
it (common)	den
It is the family.	Den är familjen.
It is here.	Den är här.
and	och
The child and the dog are here.	Barnet och hunden är här.
The dog and the family are here.	Hunden och familjen är här.
He is here and she is here.	Han är här och hon är här.
We are the family and the child is here.	Vi är familjen och barnet är här.

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