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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Nouns and Definite Articles

In Portuguese, every noun is either masculine or feminine. To say "the", use **o** for masculine words and **a** for feminine words.

- **o** rapaz (the boy)
- **a** rapariga (the girl)

### The Verb "ser" (to be)

The verb **ser** means "to be" and is used to talk about identity and permanent traits. Here are the forms for "I" (**eu**) and "you" (**tu**):

| Pronoun | Verb form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| eu | sou | I am |
| tu | és | you are |

To ask a question, just raise your pitch at the end of the sentence—no need to change the word order.

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### Pointing Things Out: Demonstratives

Portuguese has three words for pointing things out, depending on how far away they are:

- **isto** (this) — close to you (the speaker)
- **isso** (that) — close to the person you are talking to
- **aquilo** (that over there) — far from both of you

Combine these with **é** (is) to identify objects:

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### Connecting Ideas

You can link phrases together using the word **e** (and).

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Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
I	eu
to be	ser
the boy	o rapaz
I am the boy.	Eu sou o rapaz.
the girl	a rapariga
Are you the girl?	És a rapariga?
and	e
you	tu
I am the girl and you are the boy.	Eu sou a rapariga e tu és o rapaz.
this	isto
the book	o livro
This is the book.	Isto é o livro.
the table	a mesa
This is the table.	Isto é a mesa.
that	isso
That is the table.	Isso é a mesa.
that over there	aquilo
the house	a casa
That over there is the house.	Aquilo é a casa.
the car	o carro
That is the house and that over there is the car.	Isso é a casa e aquilo é o carro.
This is the car and that is the book.	Isto é o carro e isso é o livro.
Is that the table over there?	Aquilo é a mesa?
You are the boy and I am the girl.	Tu és o rapaz e eu sou a rapariga.
This is the book and that over there is the house.	Isto é o livro e aquilo é a casa.
That is the car and this is the table.	Isso é o carro e isto é a mesa.
Is this the house?	Isto é a casa?