Italian comparisons split English than into two words: di and che. Every learner meets this problem at A2, applies an oversimplified rule ("use di with nouns"), and then keeps producing wrong sentences for years. The truth is that the choice depends not on what kind of word follows than, but on what kind of comparison you are making. This page lays out the full decision in a way that will let you produce native-sounding comparisons even in sentences you have never seen before.
The core insight is this: di compares two different things along one dimension; che compares one thing along two dimensions. Once you internalize that, the surface rules below become reflexes rather than memorized lists.
The master diagnostic
Before any rule, train yourself to ask one question:
Are the two elements being compared two different subjects or two attributes/aspects of the same subject?
- Two different subjects (Marco vs Luigi, Rome vs Milan, the pizza vs the pasta) → di
- Two attributes of the same subject (intelligent vs hardworking, by morning vs by evening, reading vs writing) → che
The six rules below are all consequences of this single principle. Whenever you hesitate, return to the diagnostic and the answer will fall out.
When to use DI
Use di in five environments. All of them share the property that the comparison is between two distinct referents.
1. Two nouns or proper names (different subjects)
When you compare one person, place, or thing to another person, place, or thing, the connector is di:
Marco è più alto di Luigi.
Marco is taller than Luigi.
Roma è più antica di Milano.
Rome is older than Milan.
La mia macchina è più vecchia della tua.
My car is older than yours.
Questa pizza è meno buona di quella di ieri.
This pizza is less good than yesterday's.
Notice that di + definite article contracts: del, dello, della, dell', dei, degli, delle. Italian never writes di il or di la in comparisons.
2. Pronouns
Personal pronouns (and demonstratives, when they stand for a separate person or thing) take di. The pronouns are the tonic forms — me, te, lui, lei, noi, voi, loro — never the clitic forms:
Sei più alto di me.
You're taller than me.
Lei lavora più di te.
She works more than you.
Mio fratello è più giovane di lui.
My brother is younger than him.
Sono più stanca di voi.
I'm more tired than all of you.
A common transfer error is to say più alto che me on the model of "taller than me." Italian doesn't allow this — the pronoun signals a separate referent, and the connector must be di.
3. Numbers and quantities
When the second element is a numeric expression — a count, a quantity, an age, a price, a measurement — use di:
Ho più di trent'anni.
I'm over thirty.
Costa meno di cinquanta euro.
It costs less than fifty euros.
C'erano più di duecento persone alla festa.
There were over two hundred people at the party.
Ho aspettato più di un'ora.
I waited more than an hour.
This includes vague quantifiers when they refer to a count: più della metà ("more than half"), meno di un terzo ("less than a third").
4. Articles (the del, della, dei contractions)
Whenever the second element starts with a definite article, di contracts with it. This is really a sub-case of rule (1), but it's worth practicing the contractions explicitly because English speakers tend to leave them uncontracted:
Mi piace più la pizza della pasta.
I like pizza more than pasta.
Bevo più acqua del vino.
I drink more water than wine.
Studio meno dei miei compagni.
I study less than my classmates.
È più caro del solito.
It's more expensive than usual.
5. Comparison of clauses: di quanto + congiuntivo
When the second term of comparison is a whole clause (subject + verb), Italian uses the special connector di quanto followed by the congiuntivo. This is the formal way to compare with a clause; the verb must be in the subjunctive in good written Italian:
È più intelligente di quanto sembri.
He's smarter than he seems.
Il film era più lungo di quanto pensassi.
The film was longer than I thought.
Studia più di quanto creda.
She studies more than she thinks.
Costa meno di quanto immaginassimo.
It costs less than we imagined.
In informal speech you also hear di quello che + indicativo (è più intelligente di quello che sembra), but di quanto + congiuntivo is the prestige form and the one to learn first.
When to use CHE
Use che in six environments. All of them share the property that the comparison is between two attributes or aspects of the same subject — or, more abstractly, the second term is not a separate referent but a parallel slot of the same kind.
1. Two adjectives describing the same subject
This is the cleanest case. When you say one quality is more present in someone than another quality:
Marco è più simpatico che intelligente.
Marco is more likable than smart.
Quel film è più lungo che interessante.
That film is more long than interesting.
Sono più stanca che affamata.
I'm more tired than hungry.
È più rumoroso che efficace.
It's more noisy than effective.
You are comparing two adjectives, both applied to one subject. Di would be wrong here — you are not comparing Marco to a separate referent, you are comparing his likability to his intelligence.
2. Two adverbs describing the same subject
Same principle, with adverbs:
Lavoro più velocemente che bene.
I work more quickly than well.
Risponde più aggressivamente che chiaramente.
He responds more aggressively than clearly.
Parla più forte che chiaro.
She speaks more loudly than clearly.
3. Two nouns with the same referent (parts of one whole)
This is the case that fools most learners. When the two nouns name two parts of one situation, one diet, one set, one collection — not two separate things — use che:
Mangio più verdure che carne.
I eat more vegetables than meat.
Ha più amici che nemici.
He has more friends than enemies.
Ci sono più studenti che professori.
There are more students than professors.
Compro più libri che vestiti.
I buy more books than clothes.
The diagnostic: in mangio più verdure che carne, you are describing one diet (mine) and apportioning it between two food categories. There is one referent (my eating) being split. Compare with mangio più di Marco ("I eat more than Marco") — here the two referents (my eating, Marco's eating) are different. The first takes che, the second takes di.
4. Two verbs (infinitives)
When you compare doing one thing to doing another, both verbs appear as infinitives and the connector is che:
Preferisco leggere che guardare la TV.
I prefer reading to watching TV.
È più facile parlare che fare.
It's easier to talk than to do.
Mi piace più cucinare che mangiare.
I like cooking more than eating.
Costa meno comprare che riparare.
It costs less to buy than to repair.
5. Prepositional phrases
When the two elements are prepositional phrases (in particular two phrases with the same preposition), use che:
Lavoro più di mattina che di sera.
I work more in the morning than in the evening.
Lo faccio più per amore che per soldi.
I do it more out of love than for money.
Vado più a piedi che in macchina.
I go more on foot than by car.
Ci sono più libri sulla scrivania che sullo scaffale.
There are more books on the desk than on the shelf.
The principle is the same: the prepositional phrases mark two different facets of one situation, not two separate referents.
6. With di quanto — the exception that proves the rule
Already covered above under di: when the second term is a clause, you say di quanto + congiuntivo. This is the formal mechanism for clause-comparison; the che in di quanto is part of a fixed construction, not the comparative che.
Side-by-side: every pattern in one table
| Pattern | Connector | Example |
|---|---|---|
| noun → noun (different subjects) | di | Marco è più alto *di Luigi* |
| noun → pronoun | di | Sei più alto *di me* |
| noun → number | di | Costa più *di dieci euro* |
| noun → noun with article | di + article | Più della pizza |
| clause → clause | di quanto + cong. | Più intelligente *di quanto sembri* |
| adjective → adjective (same subject) | che | Più simpatico *che intelligente* |
| adverb → adverb | che | Più velocemente *che bene* |
| noun → noun (same referent) | che | Più amici *che nemici* |
| verb → verb (infinitives) | che | Preferisco leggere *che scrivere* |
| prep. phrase → prep. phrase | che | Più per amore *che per soldi* |
If you can place a comparison in the right row of this table, you've made the choice correctly.
Equality and inferiority work the same way
The di / che distinction applies equally to meno and to expressions of equality with come / tanto quanto. The connector logic is the principle, not just a rule about più:
Sono meno alta di mia sorella.
I'm less tall than my sister.
Lavoro meno per soldi che per passione.
I work less for money than for passion.
Ha tanti amici quanti nemici.
He has as many friends as enemies.
In the equality case with two noun-quantities of the same referent, quanti and quante agree with the noun.
A two-step decision flowchart
When you need to translate "than" in a comparison, run this in your head:
- Is the second term a clause (with its own verb)? If yes → di quanto
- congiuntivo. Done.
- If no, does the second term name a different referent from the first (a different person, place, thing, count)?
- Yes (different subjects): use di.
- No (parallel attributes/aspects of the same subject): use che.
This decision tree handles every comparison you will ever need to make.
Common Mistakes
❌ Marco è più alto que Luigi.
Wrong — Spanish que used in Italian. Italian uses di or che, never que.
✅ Marco è più alto di Luigi.
Marco is taller than Luigi.
❌ Sono più simpatico di intelligente.
Wrong — comparing two adjectives of the same subject takes che, not di.
✅ Sono più simpatico che intelligente.
I'm more likable than smart.
❌ Mangio più verdure di carne.
Wrong — comparing two food categories within one diet (same referent) takes che.
✅ Mangio più verdure che carne.
I eat more vegetables than meat.
❌ Ho più di Marco.
Wrong — incomplete; if you are comparing your possession to Marco's, you need a quantity expression.
✅ Ho più libri di Marco.
I have more books than Marco.
❌ Più del Marco.
Wrong — di does not contract with proper names. Use di Marco, not del Marco.
✅ Sono più alto di Marco.
I'm taller than Marco.
❌ È più intelligente di quanto sembra.
Stylistically weak — di quanto formally requires the congiuntivo in writing.
✅ È più intelligente di quanto sembri.
He's smarter than he seems.
❌ Preferisco leggere di guardare la TV.
Wrong — comparing two infinitives takes che, not di.
✅ Preferisco leggere che guardare la TV.
I prefer reading to watching TV.
Key takeaways
- Di for comparisons between two different referents (people, places, things, numbers, articles, clauses-via-di quanto).
- Che for comparisons between two parallel aspects of the same situation (two adjectives of one subject, two infinitives, two prepositional phrases, two food categories of one diet).
- The diagnostic question — different subjects, or parallel attributes of the same subject? — handles every case.
- Memorize the contractions (del, della, dei, delle) and the di quanto
- congiuntivo construction; they are the two pieces that English-speakers most often miss.
- When in doubt, build the comparison around the diagnostic, not around the surface form of the words after than.
Now practice Italian
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Open the Italian course →Related Topics
- Comparative: più, meno, comeA2 — Italian comparatives — superiority with più, inferiority with meno, equality with (così) come or tanto quanto, plus the di-vs-che distinction that trips up every learner.
- Superlative: Absolute vs RelativeA2 — Italian has two superlatives — relative (il più alto, the tallest) and absolute (altissimo, very tall). Different grammar, different meaning, both essential.
- Irregular Comparatives and SuperlativesB1 — Six adjectives have Latin-origin irregular forms — buono/migliore/ottimo, cattivo/peggiore/pessimo, grande/maggiore/massimo, piccolo/minore/minimo — plus superiore/inferiore. When to use which form, and why register matters.
- Relative Clauses with CheA2 — How to use che — Italian's most versatile relative pronoun — to combine sentences and add information about people, things, and ideas.
- Congiuntivo after Conjunctions (benché, sebbene, purché, prima che)B1 — The closed list of conjunctions that always trigger the congiuntivo in Italian — concessive, purpose, condition, exclusion, and temporal — and how to switch to the infinitive when subjects match.