Psychology

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1 Introduction to Psychology
1.1 What Is Psychology?
1.1.1 Why Study Psychology?
1.2 History of Psychology
1.2.1 Wundt and Structuralism
1.2.2 Functionalism
1.2.3 Freud and Psychoanalytic Theory
1.2.4 Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler, and Gestalt Psychology
1.2.5 Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Behaviorism
1.2.6 Maslow, Rogers, and Humanism
1.2.7 The Cognitive Revolution
1.2.8 Multicultural And Cross-Cultural Psychology
1.2.9 Women in Psychology
1.3 Contemporary Psychology
1.3.1 Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology
1.3.2 Sensation and Perception
1.3.3 Cognitive Psychology
1.3.4 Developmental Psychology
1.3.5 Personality Psychology
1.3.6 Social Psychology
1.3.7 Industrial-Organizational Psychology
1.3.8 Health Psychology
1.3.9 Sport and Exercise Psychology
1.3.10 Clinical Psychology
1.3.11 Forensic Psychology
1.4 Careers in Psychology
1.4.1 Other Careers in Academic Settings
1.4.2 Career Options Outside of Academic Settings
1.5 Review Questions
2 Psychological Research
2.1 Why Is Research Important?
2.1.1 Use of Research Information
2.1.2 NOTABLE RESEARCHERS
2.1.3 The Process of Scientific Research
2.2 Approaches to Research
2.2.1 Clinical or Case Studies
2.2.2 Naturalistic Observation
2.2.3 Surveys
2.2.4 Archival Research
2.2.5 Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research
2.3 Analyzing Findings
2.3.1 Correlational Research
2.3.2 Causality: Conducting Experiments and Using the Data
2.3.3 Reliability and Validity
2.4 Ethics
2.4.1 Research Involving Human Participants
2.4.2 Research Involving Animal Subjects
2.5 Review exercises
3 Biopsychology
3.1 Human Genetics
3.1.1 Genetic Variation
3.1.2 Gene-Environment Interactions
3.2 Cells of the Nervous System
3.2.1 Neuron Structure
3.2.2 Neuronal Communication
3.2.3 Neurotransmitters and Drugs
3.3 Parts of the Nervous System
3.3.1 Peripheral Nervous System
3.4 The Brain and Spinal Cord
3.4.1 The Spinal Cord
3.4.2 The Two Hemispheres
3.4.3 Forebrain Structures
3.4.4 Midbrain and Hindbrain Structures
3.4.5 Brain Imaging
3.5 The Endocrine System
3.5.1 Major Glands
3.6 Review Questions
4 States of Consciousness
4.1 What Is Consciousness?
4.1.1 Biological Rhythms
4.1.2 Problems With Circadian Rhythms
4.2 Sleep and Why We Sleep
4.2.1 What is Sleep?
4.2.2 Why Do We Sleep?
4.3 Stages of Sleep
4.3.1 NREM Stages of Sleep
4.3.2 REM Sleep
4.4 Sleep Problems and Disorders
4.4.1 Insomnia
4.4.2 Parasomnias
4.4.3 Sleep Apnea
4.4.4 Narcolepsy
4.5 Substance Use and Abuse
4.5.1 Substance Use Disorders
4.5.2 Drug Categories
4.6 Other States of Consciousness
4.6.1 Hypnosis
4.6.2 Meditation
4.7 Review Questions
5 Sensation and Perception
5.1 Sensation versus Perception
5.1.1 Sensation
5.1.2 Perception
5.2 Waves and Wavelengths
5.2.1 Amplitude and Wavelength
5.2.2 Light Waves
5.2.3 Sound Waves
5.3 Vision
5.3.1 Anatomy of the Visual System
5.3.2 Color and Depth Perception
5.4 Hearing
5.4.1 Anatomy of the Auditory System
5.4.2 Pitch Perception
5.4.3 Sound Localization
5.4.4 Hearing Loss
5.5 The Other Senses
5.5.1 The Chemical Senses
5.5.2 Touch, Thermoception, and Nociception
5.5.3 The Vestibular Sense, Proprioception, and Kinesthesia
5.6 Gestalt Principles of Perception
5.7 Review Questions
6 Learning
6.1 What Is Learning?
6.2 Classical Conditioning
6.2.1 Real World Application of Classical Conditioning
6.2.2 General Processes in Classical Conditioning
6.2.3 Behaviorism
6.3 Operant Conditioning
6.3.1 Reinforcement
6.3.2 Punishment
6.3.3 Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
6.3.4 Reinforcement Schedules
6.3.5 Cognition and Latent Learning
6.4 Observational Learning (Modeling)
6.4.1 Steps in the Modeling Process
6.5 Review Questions
7 Thinking and Intelligence
7.1 What Is Cognition?
7.1.1 Cognition
7.1.2 Concepts and Prototypes
7.1.3 Natural and Artificial Concepts
7.1.4 Schemata
7.2 Language
7.2.1 Components of Language
7.2.2 Language Development
7.2.3 Language and Thought
7.3 Problem Solving
7.3.1 Problem-Solving Strategies
7.3.2 Pitfalls to Problem Solving
7.4 What Are Intelligence and Creativity?
7.4.1 Classifying Intelligence
7.4.2 Creativity
7.5 Measures of Intelligence
7.5.1 Measuring Intelligence
7.5.2 The Bell Curve
7.5.3 Why Measure Intelligence?
7.6 The Source of Intelligence
7.6.1 High Intelligence: Nature or Nurture?
7.6.2 What are Learning Disabilities?
7.7 Review Questions
8 Memory
8.1 How Memory Functions
8.1.1 Encoding
8.1.2 Storage
8.1.3 Retrieval
8.2 Parts of the Brain Involved with Memory
8.2.1 The Amygdala
8.2.2 The Hippocampus
8.2.3 The Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex
8.2.4 Neurotransmitters
8.3 Problems with Memory
8.3.1 Amnesia
8.3.2 Memory Construction and Reconstruction
8.3.3 Forgetting
8.4 Ways to Enhance Memory
8.4.1 Memory-Enhancing Strategies
8.4.2 How to Study Effectively
8.5 Review Questions
9 Lifespan Development
9.1 What Is Lifespan Development?
9.1.1 Issues in Developmental Psychology
9.2 Lifespan Theories
9.2.1 Psychosexual Theory of Development
9.2.2 Psychosocial Theory of Development
9.2.3 Cognitive Theory of Development
9.2.4 SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
9.2.5 Moral Theory Of Development
9.3 Stages of Development
9.3.1 Prenatal Development
9.3.2 Infancy Through Childhood
9.3.3 Adolescence
9.3.4 Adulthood
9.4 Death and Dying
9.5 Review Questions
10 Emotion and Motivation
10.1 Motivation
10.1.1 Theories About Motivation
10.2 Hunger and Eating
10.2.1 Physiological Mechanisms
10.2.2 Metabolism and Body Weight
10.2.3 Obesity
10.2.4 Eating Disorders
10.3 Sexual Behavior, Sexuality, and Gender Identity
10.3.1 Physiological Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior and Motivation
10.3.2 Kinsey’s Research
10.3.3 Masters and Johnson’s Research
10.3.4 Sexual Orientation
10.3.5 Gender Identity
10.3.6 Cultural Factors in Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
10.4 Emotion
10.4.1 Theories of Emotion
10.4.2 The Biology of Emotions
10.4.3 Facial Expression and Recognition of Emotions
10.5 Review Questions
11 Personality
11.1 What Is Personality?
11.1.1 Historical Perspectives
11.2 Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective
11.2.1 Levels of Consciousness
11.2.2 Defense Mechanisms
11.2.3 Stages of Psychosexual Development
11.3 Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney
11.3.1 Alfred Adler
11.3.2 Erik Erikson
11.3.3 Carl Jung
11.3.4 Karen Horney
11.4 Learning Approaches
11.4.1 The Behavioral Perspective
11.4.2 The Social-Cognitive Perspective
11.4.3 Julian Rotter and Locus of Control
11.4.4 Walter Mischel and the Person-Situation Debate
11.5 Humanistic Approaches
11.6 Biological Approaches
11.6.1 Temperament
11.7 Trait Theorists
11.8 Cultural Understandings of Personality
11.8.1 Personality in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures
11.8.2 Approaches to Studying Personality in a Cultural Context
11.9 Personality Assessment
11.9.1 Self-Report Inventories
11.9.2 Projective Tests
11.10 Review Questions
12 Social Psychology
12.1 What Is Social Psychology?
12.1.1 Situational and Dispositional Influences on Behavior
12.1.2 Fundamental Attribution Error
12.1.3 Is the Fundamental Attribution Error a Universal Phenomenon?
12.1.4 Actor-Observer Bias
12.1.5 Self-Serving Bias
12.1.6 Just-World Hypothesis
12.2 Self-presentation
12.2.1 Social Roles
12.2.2 Social Norms
12.2.3 Scripts
12.2.4 Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment
12.3 Attitudes and Persuasion
12.3.1 What is Cognitive Dissonance?
12.3.2 Persuasion
12.4 Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
12.4.1 Conformity
12.4.2 Stanley Milgram’s Experiment
12.4.3 Groupthink
12.4.4 Group Polarization
12.5 Prejudice and Discrimination
12.5.1 Understanding Prejudice and Discrimination
12.5.2 Prejudice and Discrimination
12.5.3 Why Do Prejudice and Discrimination Exist?
12.5.4 Stereotypes and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
12.5.5 In-Groups and Out-Groups
12.6 Aggression
12.6.1 Aggression
12.6.2 The Bystander Effect
12.7 Prosocial Behavior
12.7.1 Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
12.7.2 Forming Relationships
12.7.3 Attraction
12.7.4 Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
12.7.5 Social Exchange Theory
12.8 Review Questions
13 Industrial-Organizational Psychology
13.1 What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology?
13.1.1 The Historical Development of Industrial and Organizational Psychology
13.1.2 From World War II to Today
13.2 Industrial Psychology: Selecting and Evaluating Employees
13.2.1 Selecting Employees
13.2.2 Evaluating Employees
13.2.3 Bias and Protections in Hiring
13.2.4 The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
13.2.5 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
13.3 Organizational Psychology: The Social Dimension of Work
13.3.1 Job Satisfaction
13.3.2 Work–Family Balance
13.3.3 Management and Organizational Structure
13.3.4 Goals, Teamwork and Work Teams
13.3.5 Organizational Culture
13.3.6 Violence in the Workplace
13.4 Human Factors Psychology and Workplace Design
13.5 Review Questions
14 Stress, Lifestyle, and Health
14.1 What Is Stress?
14.1.1 Good Stress?
14.1.2 The Prevalence of Stress
14.1.3 Early Contributions to the Study of Stress
14.1.4 The Physiological Basis of Stress
14.2 Stressors
14.2.1 Traumatic Events
14.2.2 Life Changes
14.2.3 Hassles
14.2.4 OCCUPATION-RELATED Stressors
14.3 Stress and Illness
14.3.1 Psychophysiological Disorders
14.3.2 Stress and the Immune System
14.3.3 Cardiovascular Disorders
14.3.4 Are You Type A or Type B?
14.3.5 Depression and the Heart
14.3.6 Asthma
14.3.7 Headaches
14.4 Regulation of Stress
14.4.1 Coping Styles
14.4.2 Control and Stress
14.4.3 Social Support
14.4.4 Stress Reduction Techniques
14.5 The Pursuit of Happiness
14.5.1 Happiness
14.5.2 Positive Psychology
14.5.3 Flow
14.6 Review Questions
15 Psychological Disorders
15.1 What Are Psychological Disorders?
15.1.1 Definition of a Psychological Disorder
15.1.2 Cultural Expectations
15.1.3 Harmful Dysfunction
15.1.4 The American Psychiatric Association (APA) Definition
15.2 Diagnosing and Classifying Psychological Disorders
15.2.1 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
15.2.2 The International Classification of Diseases
15.2.3 The Compassionate View of Psychological Disorders
15.3 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
15.3.1 Supernatural Perspectives of Psychological Disorders
15.3.2 Biological Perspectives of Psychological Disorders
15.3.3 The Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychological Disorders
15.4 Anxiety Disorders
15.4.1 Specific Phobia
15.4.2 Acquisition of Phobias Through Learning
15.4.3 Social Anxiety Disorder
15.4.4 Panic Disorder
15.4.5 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
15.5 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
15.5.1 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
15.5.2 Body Dysmorphic Disorder
15.5.3 Hoarding Disorder
15.5.4 Causes of OCD
15.6 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
15.6.1 A Broader Definition of PTSD
15.6.2 Risk Factors For PTSD
15.6.3 Support For Sufferers of PTSD
15.6.4 Learning and the Development of PTSD
15.7 Mood and Related Disorders
15.7.1 Major Depressive Disorder
15.7.2 Subtypes of Depression
15.7.3 Bipolar Disorder
15.7.4 The Biological Basis of Mood and Bipolar Disorders
15.7.5 Suicide
15.7.6 Risk Factors For Suicide
15.8 Schizophrenia
15.8.1 Symptoms of Schizophrenia
15.8.2 Causes of Schizophrenia
15.8.3 Schizophrenia: Early Warning Signs
15.9 Dissociative Disorders
15.9.1 Dissociative Amnesia
15.9.2 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
15.9.3 Dissociative Identity Disorder
15.10 Disorders in Childhood
15.10.1 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
15.10.2 Autism Spectrum Disorder
15.11 Personality Disorders
15.11.1 Borderline Personality Disorder
15.11.2 Antisocial Personality Disorder
15.12 Review Questions
16 Therapy and Treatment
16.1 Mental Health Treatment: Past and Present
16.1.1 Treatment in the Past
16.1.2 Mental Health Treatment Today
16.2 Types of Treatment
16.2.1 Psychotherapy Techniques: Psychoanalysis
16.2.2 Psychotherapy: Play Therapy
16.2.3 Psychotherapy: Behavior Therapy
16.2.4 Psychotherapy: Cognitive Therapy
16.2.5 Psychotherapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
16.2.6 Psychotherapy: Humanistic Therapy
16.2.7 Evaluating Various Forms of Psychotherapy
16.2.8 Biomedical Therapies
16.3 Treatment Modalities
16.3.1 Individual Therapy
16.3.2 Group Therapy
16.3.3 Couples Therapy
16.3.4 Family Therapy
16.4 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders: A Special Case
16.4.1 What Makes Treatment Effective?
16.4.2 Comorbid Disorders
16.5 The Sociocultural Model and Therapy Utilization
16.5.1 Barriers to Treatment
16.6 Review Questions