| Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? | infant sucking on a nipple child riding a bike teen socializing toddler walking |
| Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. | occurs as a result of experience is innate is found only in humans occurs by observing others |
| Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. | classical conditioning; operant conditioning classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning operant conditioning; observational learning operant conditioning; learning conditioning |
| In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. | classical conditioning associative learning observational learning operant conditioning |
| A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________. | neutral stimulus unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response |
| In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates ________. | stimulus generalization higher order conditioning acquisition stimulus discrimination |
| Extinction occurs when ________. | the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus |
| In Pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________. | conditioned responses unconditioned responses unconditioned stimuli conditioned stimuli |
| ________ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior. | negative punishment positive reinforcement negative reinforcement positive punishment |
| Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer? | money food water sex |
| Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________. | shaping extinction positive reinforcement negative reinforcement |
| Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? | variable ratio fixed ratio fixed interval variable interval |
| The person who performs a behavior that serves as an example is called a ________. | model teacher instructor coach |
| In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they ________. | kicked and threw the doll ignored the doll played nicely with the doll played with tinker toys |
| Which is the correct order of steps in the modeling process? | attention, retention, reproduction, motivation motivation, attention, reproduction, retention attention, motivation, retention, reproduction motivation, attention, retention, reproduction |
| Who proposed observational learning? | Albert Bandura Ivan Pavlov John Watson B. F. Skinner |
