Le prugne mature sono sul tavolo della cucina.

Prugna means plum, and it is a feminine noun in Italian. Its plural is prugne.

So:

• la prugna = the plum
• le prugne = the plums

Italian nouns change form depending on gender and number, so the article also has to match:

• la for singular feminine
• le for plural feminine

Mature is the feminine plural form of the adjective maturo meaning ripe.

It has to agree with prugne, which is feminine plural.

Agreement pattern:

• maturo = masculine singular
• matura = feminine singular
• maturi = masculine plural
• mature = feminine plural

Because prugne is feminine plural, the correct form is mature.

In Italian, adjectives often come after the noun, especially when they describe a factual quality like color, size, condition, or state.

So:

• le prugne mature = the ripe plums

This is the most natural order here. In many cases, putting an adjective before the noun changes the tone or meaning slightly, but with mature, after the noun is the normal choice.

Sono is the third-person plural form of essere (to be).

Here it means are:

• Le prugne mature sono... = The ripe plums are...

A quick comparison:

• è = is
• sono = are

Because prugne is plural, Italian uses sono.

Sul is a contraction of:

• su = on
• il = the

So:

• su + il = sul

This is very common in Italian. Prepositions often combine with definite articles.

Other examples:

• nel = in + il
• del = di + il
• alla = a + la

So sul tavolo means on the table.

Della is a contraction of:

• di = of
• la = the

So:

• della cucina = of the kitchen

In the sentence, il tavolo della cucina means the kitchen table, literally the table of the kitchen.

Italian often expresses this kind of relationship with di + article, where English may prefer a noun-noun phrase.

Because Italian usually does not stack nouns together the way English does.

English often uses one noun like an adjective:

• kitchen table
• school bus
• coffee cup

Italian usually prefers:

• table of the kitchen = tavolo della cucina
• bus for school / school bus = scuolabus or another structure depending on context
• cup of coffee = tazza di caffè

So il tavolo della cucina is the normal Italian way to express the kitchen table.

Yes, but the meaning and focus are a little different.

• Le prugne mature sono sul tavolo della cucina.
  = The ripe plums are on the kitchen table.
  Here mature identifies which plums you mean.

• Le prugne sono mature.
  = The plums are ripe.
  Here mature is part of the predicate and tells you something about the plums.

So both are correct, but they do different jobs.

No.

• sul tavolo = on the table
• nel tavolo = in the table, which usually does not make sense unless you are talking about something inside a compartment or drawer-like part of a table

For objects resting on top of a surface, Italian uses su:

• sul tavolo
• sulla sedia
• sul pavimento

Because Italian adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in gender and number, even though English adjectives do not change form.

English:

• the ripe plum
• the ripe plums

Italian:

• la prugna matura
• le prugne mature

So the adjective changes not because of an extra the, but because Italian grammar requires agreement.

Normally, no. In standard Italian, you usually need the article here:

• Le prugne mature sono sul tavolo della cucina.

Italian uses definite articles more often than English does. Leaving it out would sound unnatural in a normal sentence unless you were using a very special style, like headlines or notes.

You learn it together with the noun:

• la cucina = the kitchen

Since it is feminine singular, the article used after di becomes della:

• di + la = della

So:

• il tavolo della cucina = the table of the kitchen

A useful habit is to memorize nouns with their article:

• la prugna
• la cucina
• il tavolo

Yes, literally that is what the Italian structure says. But in natural English, you would normally say:

• The ripe plums are on the kitchen table.

This is a good example of how Italian and English organize noun phrases differently even when the meaning is the same.

A simple approximate pronunciation is PROON-yeh.

A bit more carefully:

• pru- sounds roughly like proo
• -gne has the Italian gn sound, like ny in canyon

So prugne is approximately:

• PROO-nyeh

The gn sound is important in many Italian words, such as:

• lasagne
• ogni
• signora չէ? Wait, not there. Better examples:
• lasagne
• bagno
• ogni

The sentence follows a very normal Italian pattern:

• Le prugne mature = subject
• sono = verb
• sul tavolo della cucina = place expression

So the order is basically:

• Subject + verb + location

That is very similar to English:

• The ripe plums are on the kitchen table.

Italian can sometimes move things around for emphasis, but this sentence uses the most straightforward order.