Esquecer

Esquecer means "to forget." It is a regular -er verb in almost every cell of its paradigm, with one wrinkle that trips up every learner: the c becomes ç wherever the ending starts with o or a. That gives you eu esqueço in the present and the whole present subjunctive in esqueça. The other thing that makes esquecer worth its own page is that its meaning shifts depending on whether you add the reflexive pronoun se — and Brazilian speech handles that pronoun very differently from the grammar books.

Why the ç?

In Portuguese, the letter c is pronounced like English "s" only before e and i (as in esquece, cidade). Before a, o, u it would be a hard "k" sound. To keep the soft "s" sound in front of the back vowels a and o, the spelling switches to ç. So when the ending begins with -o (eu form, present) or -a (the whole present subjunctive), you write ç: esqueço, esqueça, esqueçamos, esqueçam. This is purely a spelling rule to protect the sound — the verb is not "irregular" in any deeper sense.

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The rule is mechanical: c → ç before a and o. Compare it to conhecer (conheço), parecer (pareço), nascer (nasço). Any verb ending in -cer does exactly the same thing in the eu-form and the present subjunctive.

Meanings and uses

  • to forget (something / to do something): the everyday meaning — Esqueci o nome dele (I forgot his name).
  • to leave something behind (by forgetting it): Esqueci a chave em casa (I left the key at home / I forgot the key at home).
  • esquecer-se de (formal/written): the prescriptively "correct" reflexive form — Esqueci-me de avisar (I forgot to warn you).
  • esquecer de (informal, spoken BR): Brazilians routinely drop the se and just say Esqueci de ligar (I forgot to call).
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This is the big BR point: textbooks teach esquecer-se de algo, but in everyday Brazilian speech almost nobody uses the reflexive pronoun. Esqueci de comprar pão is what people actually say. The reflexive esquecer-se de survives mainly in formal writing.

Indicative tenses

Presente do indicativo

Note the spelling change in eu esqueço — this is the cell learners get wrong most often.

PronounForm
euesqueço
tu / vocêesquece
ele / elaesquece
nósesquecemos
vocêsesquecem
eles / elasesquecem

Pretérito perfeito

Perfectly regular -er endings; no ç here because every ending starts with e or i.

PronounForm
euesqueci
tu / vocêesqueceu
ele / elaesqueceu
nósesquecemos
vocêsesqueceram
eles / elasesqueceram

Pretérito imperfeito

PronounForm
euesquecia
tu / vocêesquecia
ele / elaesquecia
nósesquecíamos
vocêsesqueciam
eles / elasesqueciam

Futuro do presente

PronounForm
euesquecerei
tu / vocêesquecerá
ele / elaesquecerá
nósesqueceremos
vocêsesquecerão
eles / elasesquecerão

Futuro do pretérito (conditional)

PronounForm
euesqueceria
tu / vocêesqueceria
ele / elaesqueceria
nósesqueceríamos
vocêsesqueceriam
eles / elasesqueceriam

Sempre esqueço onde deixo os óculos.

I always forget where I leave my glasses.

Esqueci o guarda-chuva no ônibus de novo.

I left the umbrella on the bus again.

A gente esquecia tudo quando era criança e não se importava.

We used to forget everything as kids and didn't care.

Subjunctive tenses

Presente do subjuntivo

Here the ç appears in every cell, because every ending starts with a.

PronounForm
que euesqueça
que tu / vocêesqueça
que ele / elaesqueça
que nósesqueçamos
que vocêsesqueçam
que eles / elasesqueçam

Imperfeito do subjuntivo

No ç here — the endings start with e.

PronounForm
se euesquecesse
se tu / vocêesquecesse
se ele / elaesquecesse
se nósesquecêssemos
se vocêsesquecessem
se eles / elasesquecessem

Futuro do subjuntivo

PronounForm
quando euesquecer
quando tu / vocêesquecer
quando ele / elaesquecer
quando nósesquecermos
quando vocêsesquecerem
quando eles / elasesquecerem

Espero que você não esqueça da minha festa.

I hope you don't forget about my party.

Se eu esquecesse meu aniversário, minha mãe nunca me perdoaria.

If I forgot my own birthday, my mom would never forgive me.

Imperative

PronounAffirmativeNegative
vocêesqueçanão esqueça
nósesqueçamosnão esqueçamos
vocêsesqueçamnão esqueçam

Esqueça o que eu disse, foi besteira.

Forget what I said, it was nonsense.

Não esqueça de pagar a conta de luz hoje.

Don't forget to pay the electricity bill today.

Non-finite forms

FormConjugation
Infinitivo impessoalesquecer
Infinitivo pessoal (eu)esquecer
Infinitivo pessoal (nós)esquecermos
Infinitivo pessoal (vocês / eles)esquecerem
Gerúndioesquecendo
Particípioesquecido

"Forget" vs "leave behind": the de question

English has one verb, "forget," that covers both "I forgot his name" and "I forgot my keys at home." Portuguese makes a subtle split that hinges on the preposition de:

  • esquecer + direct object (no de) tends to mean leaving a physical object behind: Esqueci a carteira (I left my wallet behind).
  • esquecer(-se) de + thing/action points to forgetting information or an obligation: Esqueci de trancar a porta (I forgot to lock the door).

In practice the two overlap and Brazilians do not police the boundary, but the pattern is real: when you forgot to do something, de almost always shows up.

Esqueci a mochila na casa da minha avó.

I left my backpack at my grandma's house.

Não esqueci de você, só fiquei sem sinal o dia todo.

I didn't forget about you, I just had no signal all day.

PT-PT contrast

European Portuguese is far stricter about the reflexive: esquecer-se de is the standard form, and a Portuguese speaker is more likely to keep the se and place it with enclisisEsqueci-me das chaves. Brazilians overwhelmingly drop the pronoun, and when they keep it they put it before the verb: Me esqueci das chaves (informal). The dropped-pronoun Esqueci as chaves / Esqueci de avisar is the BR norm.

Common Mistakes

❌ Eu esqueco o nome dele.

Incorrect — the eu-form needs the cedilla: esqueço, not esqueco.

✅ Eu esqueço o nome dele.

I forget his name.

❌ Espero que você não esqueca.

Incorrect — the present subjunctive takes ç: esqueça.

✅ Espero que você não esqueça.

I hope you don't forget.

❌ Eu esqueci comprar o pão.

Incorrect — when you forgot to DO something, you need 'de': esqueci de comprar.

✅ Eu esqueci de comprar o pão.

I forgot to buy the bread.

❌ Esqueçe o que eu disse.

Incorrect — the você imperative is 'esqueça' (subjunctive form), not 'esqueçe'.

✅ Esqueça o que eu disse.

Forget what I said.

Key Takeaways

  • Esquecer is a regular -er verb except for the c → ç spelling change before a and o: esqueço (present eu) and the entire present subjunctive esqueça / esqueçamos / esqueçam.
  • The preterite, imperfect, and imperfect subjunctive keep the plain c because their endings start with e or i.
  • Textbook esquecer-se de is correct but formal; spoken BR drops the seEsqueci de ligar.
  • When you forgot to do something, expect the preposition de: esqueci de + infinitive.

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Related Topics

  • Verbs Whose Meaning Changes with Clitic ('Se')B2A set of notorious Brazilian Portuguese verbs whose meaning shifts entirely depending on whether they carry the pronoun 'se' — lembrar, esquecer, parecer, encontrar and more.
  • Spelling-Change VerbsA2Verbs that change spelling — but not sound — to protect a consonant's pronunciation across the conjugation.
  • LembrarA1Full conjugation and usage reference for 'lembrar' — a regular -ar verb that means both 'to remind' and (reflexively) 'to remember', with a uniquely Brazilian habit of dropping the pronoun.
  • Second Conjugation: -er VerbsA1The Brazilian Portuguese -er class — regular endings modeled on comer, why so many -er verbs are irregular, and how the imperfect merges -er with -ir.
  • PerderA2How to conjugate and use perder (to lose / to miss) in Brazilian Portuguese — an irregular -er verb with the surprise form perco in the present — plus its reflexive sense perder-se (to get lost) and the meaning split between losing, missing, and wasting.