Lavorare (to work) is the verb that organises the entire vocabulary of professional life in Italian — from the everyday vado a lavorare ("I'm off to work") to the contract-specific lavorare a tempo indeterminato ("to be on a permanent contract"). Conjugation-wise it is a textbook regular -are verb: the stem lavor- never changes shape, no spelling tweaks intrude, and every ending is the canonical -are ending. Internalise lavorare and you have one of the highest-frequency verbs in the language pinned down in every tense.
Lavorare descends from Late Latin laborāre ("to toil, to suffer hardship, to till the soil"), itself from labor (effort, hardship). The same root reaches English through Norman French as labour / labor, and shows up in Spanish labrar (to till) and laborar. The semantic shift from "endure hardship" to "do one's job" tells you something about how Latin speakers thought about work — it was the thing that cost you. Modern Italian has softened the connotation: lavorare is neutral, with no implication of suffering, though the older edge survives in the noun lavoro in expressions like un lavoro duro ("hard work").
A regional note worth flagging: in Tuscany and parts of central Italy you'll hear faticare used for lavorare in informal contexts — literally to toil, preserving the older Latin sense. Vado a faticare in Tuscan dialect = vado a lavorare in standard Italian. Outside that region, faticare keeps its standard meaning of to struggle, to find something hard: faccio fatica a capire ("I'm having a hard time understanding"). Don't import the regional usage unless you're already a Tuscan speaker.
Indicativo presente
| Person | Form | Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|
| io | lavoro | /laˈvoro/ |
| tu | lavori | /laˈvori/ |
| lui / lei / Lei | lavora | /laˈvora/ |
| noi | lavoriamo | /lavoˈrjamo/ |
| voi | lavorate | /lavoˈrate/ |
| loro | lavorano | /laˈvorano/ |
Stress falls on the -vo- in the singular and 3pl forms (la-VO-ro, la-VO-ri, la-VO-ra, la-VO-ra-no), and shifts to the ending in noi and voi (la-vo-RIA-mo, la-vo-RA-te). The 3pl lavorano is the giveaway form for non-native speakers — say la-vo-RA-no and you sound like a learner. Say la-VO-ra-no and you sound Italian. This is the same rizotonic-stress rule that governs parlano, mangiano, comprano.
Lavoro in una piccola azienda di Milano da quasi cinque anni.
I've been working at a small company in Milan for nearly five years.
Dove lavori adesso? — In un caffè di Trastevere.
Where do you work now? — At a café in Trastevere.
Mio fratello lavora come ingegnere informatico per una multinazionale.
My brother works as a software engineer for a multinational.
Lavoriamo dal lunedì al venerdì, weekend liberi.
We work Monday to Friday, weekends off.
Ragazzi, a che ora finite di lavorare oggi?
Guys, what time do you finish work today?
I miei colleghi lavorano fino a tardi tutte le sere.
My colleagues work late every evening.
Imperfetto
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| io | lavoravo |
| tu | lavoravi |
| lui / lei / Lei | lavorava |
| noi | lavoravamo |
| voi | lavoravate |
| loro | lavoravano |
The imperfetto is the textbook -are imperfect: stem lavor- + the -av- marker + person endings. Used heavily for past habitual or background work-talk: "I used to work", "she was working when...", "we worked there for years."
Da giovane lavoravo in una libreria, era il mio sogno.
When I was young I worked in a bookshop — it was my dream.
Mia madre lavorava come maestra elementare per trent'anni.
My mother worked as a primary school teacher for thirty years.
Mentre lavoravamo al progetto, è arrivata la notizia.
While we were working on the project, the news arrived.
Passato remoto
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| io | lavorai |
| tu | lavorasti |
| lui / lei / Lei | lavorò |
| noi | lavorammo |
| voi | lavoraste |
| loro | lavorarono |
A textbook regular -are passato remoto. The 3sg lavorò carries a mandatory grave accent, and the 1pl lavorammo has the standard -are double-m that distinguishes it from the present lavoriamo. The passato remoto is dominant in literary narrative and in spoken central/southern Italian — in casual northern conversation, ho lavorato (passato prossimo) is far more common.
Mio nonno lavorò in miniera per tutta la vita.
My grandfather worked in the mine his whole life. (literary / narrative)
Negli anni settanta lavorarono insieme a un romanzo che non finirono mai.
In the seventies they worked together on a novel they never finished.
Futuro semplice
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| io | lavorerò |
| tu | lavorerai |
| lui / lei / Lei | lavorerà |
| noi | lavoreremo |
| voi | lavorerete |
| loro | lavoreranno |
The future stem is lavorer- — note the shift of the thematic vowel from -a- (in the infinitive lavorare) to -e- (in the future and conditional). This vowel switch happens in every regular -are verb: lavorare → lavorerò, parlare → parlerò, comprare → comprerò. The 1sg and 3sg carry a mandatory grave accent: lavorerò, lavorerà.
The futuro can also express probability about the present: Sarà al telefono — lavorerà ancora ("She must still be working").
L'anno prossimo lavorerò a Berlino per sei mesi.
Next year I'll work in Berlin for six months.
Quando avrai finito gli studi, lavorerai con noi se vuoi.
When you've finished your studies, you can work with us if you want.
Lavoreranno fino a tardi anche stasera per chiudere il bilancio.
They'll work late again tonight to close the accounts.
Condizionale presente
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| io | lavorerei |
| tu | lavoreresti |
| lui / lei / Lei | lavorerebbe |
| noi | lavoreremmo |
| voi | lavorereste |
| loro | lavorerebbero |
Same lavorer- stem as the future, with the standard -are conditional endings. The eternal trap is the 1pl: lavoreremmo (conditional, double m) vs lavoreremo (future, single m). One of the most common spelling slips in all of Italian — even native writers occasionally hesitate.
Lavorerei volentieri per loro, ma lo stipendio è troppo basso.
I'd happily work for them, but the salary is too low.
Lavoreremmo anche di sabato se ci pagassero gli straordinari.
We'd work Saturdays too if they paid us overtime.
Congiuntivo presente
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| (che) io | lavori |
| (che) tu | lavori |
| (che) lui / lei | lavori |
| (che) noi | lavoriamo |
| (che) voi | lavoriate |
| (che) loro | lavorino |
The three singular subjunctive forms collapse into lavori — identical to the 2sg present indicative. Context and explicit pronouns disambiguate. The 1pl lavoriamo is also identical to the indicative; only the 2pl lavoriate and the 3pl lavorino are distinctly subjunctive shapes.
Spero che lavori in un posto che ti piace davvero.
I hope you work somewhere you really like.
Bisogna che tutti lavorino con più impegno questa settimana.
Everyone needs to work harder this week.
È strano che non lavoriate mai il sabato in quel settore.
It's strange that you never work Saturdays in that sector.
Congiuntivo imperfetto
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| (che) io | lavorassi |
| (che) tu | lavorassi |
| (che) lui / lei | lavorasse |
| (che) noi | lavorassimo |
| (che) voi | lavoraste |
| (che) loro | lavorassero |
The classic -are subjunctive imperfect: stem lavor- + the -ass- marker + endings. Used in counterfactual se-clauses (se lavorassi a Roma...) and in past-tense subjunctive contexts (pensavo che lavorasse...).
Se lavorassi meno, avrei più tempo per i miei figli.
If I worked less, I'd have more time for my kids.
Pensavamo che lavorasse ancora alla Fiat, invece si è licenziato.
We thought he was still working at Fiat, but he resigned.
Imperativo
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| tu | lavora! |
| Lei (formal) | lavori |
| noi | lavoriamo |
| voi | lavorate |
| loro (formal pl., archaic) | lavorino |
The tu imperative of regular -are verbs is identical to the 3sg indicative: lavora! This is unique to -are. Negative tu imperative uses non + infinitive: non lavorare! ("don't work!"). The Lei (formal) imperative borrows the congiuntivo presente: lavori, signore. ("Work, sir."). The loro form (lavorino) is essentially archaic — modern Italian has abandoned formal third-person plural address.
Lavora di meno e riposati di più, mi raccomando.
Work less and rest more, please.
Non lavorare anche stasera, sei distrutto.
Don't work tonight too, you're exhausted.
Lavori pure tranquillamente, signora, io aspetto qui.
Please work undisturbed, ma'am — I'll wait here. (formal)
Forme non finite
| Form | Italian |
|---|---|
| Infinito presente | lavorare |
| Infinito passato | avere lavorato / aver lavorato |
| Gerundio presente | lavorando |
| Gerundio passato | avendo lavorato |
| Participio passato | lavorato |
The participle lavorato is fully regular. The auxiliary is always avere — never essere. Lavorare is intransitive but doesn't express motion or state-change, so it stays in the avere camp. This is one of the cleanest auxiliary choices in Italian: there's no exception, no register variation, no regional alternative. Ho lavorato, hai lavorato, abbiamo lavorato — always avere.
Avendo lavorato sodo per anni, ora si gode la pensione.
Having worked hard for years, he's now enjoying retirement.
Compound tenses
| Tense | io | noi |
|---|---|---|
| Passato prossimo | ho lavorato | abbiamo lavorato |
| Trapassato prossimo | avevo lavorato | avevamo lavorato |
| Trapassato remoto | ebbi lavorato | avemmo lavorato |
| Futuro anteriore | avrò lavorato | avremo lavorato |
| Condizionale passato | avrei lavorato | avremmo lavorato |
| Congiuntivo passato | abbia lavorato | abbiamo lavorato |
| Congiuntivo trapassato | avessi lavorato | avessimo lavorato |
Ho lavorato tutto il giorno, sono distrutta.
I've worked all day, I'm exhausted.
Se avessi lavorato di più alle superiori, sarei entrato all'università.
If I'd worked harder in high school, I would have gotten into university.
Italian working life: the contract vocabulary
Lavorare anchors a constellation of fixed expressions that are essential for navigating Italian work life — especially the bureaucratic distinctions around contracts. These are not optional vocabulary; they shape every conversation about employment in Italy.
| Italian | Meaning |
|---|---|
| lavorare a tempo pieno | to work full-time |
| lavorare a tempo parziale (part-time) | to work part-time |
| lavorare a tempo determinato | to work on a fixed-term contract |
| lavorare a tempo indeterminato | to work on a permanent contract (the holy grail of Italian employment) |
| lavorare a giornata | to work as a day-labourer (informal/manual) |
| lavorare in proprio | to be self-employed, to run one's own business |
| lavorare da casa / lavorare in smart working | to work from home / to work remotely |
| lavorare in nero | to work off the books, undeclared (illegal but widespread) |
| lavorare a chiamata | to work on call (zero-hours-style contract) |
| lavorare su turni / fare i turni | to work shifts |
Cerco un lavoro a tempo indeterminato, basta contratti precari.
I'm looking for a permanent job — I'm done with precarious contracts.
Mio cugino lavora in proprio come idraulico, fattura bene.
My cousin is self-employed as a plumber — he bills well.
Da quando è nato il piccolo, lavoro da casa due giorni a settimana.
Since the baby was born, I've been working from home two days a week.
Idioms with lavorare
Italian uses lavorare in dozens of fixed expressions, many of them metaphorical and worth memorising as units.
| Italian | Literal | Idiomatic English |
|---|---|---|
| lavorare sodo | to work solidly | to work hard |
| lavorare a maglia | to work at mesh | to knit |
| lavorare di fantasia | to work with imagination | to use one's imagination, to make things up |
| lavorare per la gloria | to work for glory | to work for free / for the love of it |
| lavorare ai fianchi (qualcuno) | to work someone's flanks | to slowly persuade / wear someone down |
| lavorare come un mulo | to work like a mule | to work like a dog, to slave away |
| lavorare di gomito | to work with the elbow | to elbow one's way through (e.g., a crowd) |
| lavorare sotto traccia | to work under the trace | to work behind the scenes |
Mio padre ha sempre lavorato sodo per mantenere la famiglia.
My father has always worked hard to support the family.
Mia nonna lavora a maglia tutte le sere davanti alla televisione.
My grandmother knits every evening in front of the TV.
Non credergli, lavora di fantasia quando racconta di sé.
Don't believe him — he uses his imagination when he talks about himself.
Lo sto lavorando ai fianchi, prima o poi accetterà di venire.
I'm working on him — sooner or later he'll agree to come.
Quest'estate ho lavorato come un mulo per pagarmi gli studi.
This summer I worked like a dog to pay for my studies.
Common mistakes
❌ Sono lavorato tutto il giorno.
Incorrect — lavorare always takes avere, never essere.
✅ Ho lavorato tutto il giorno.
Correct — auxiliary avere is invariable for lavorare.
❌ Domani lavorero al progetto nuovo.
Incorrect — the future 1sg requires the grave accent on the final ò.
✅ Domani lavorerò al progetto nuovo.
Correct — lavorerò with mandatory grave accent.
❌ I miei colleghi lavoràno troppo.
Incorrect — wrong stress on the loro form.
✅ I miei colleghi lavorano troppo.
Correct — stress is on the root: la-VO-ra-no, not la-vo-RA-no.
❌ Lavoro come un ingegnera.
Incorrect — un with feminine ingegnera is impossible. Either change the article or use the masculine form.
✅ Lavoro come ingegnera. / Lavoro come un'ingegnera.
Correct — drop the article (the most common option), or use un'.
❌ Penso che lui lavora troppo.
Incorrect — penso che triggers the subjunctive.
✅ Penso che lui lavori troppo.
Correct — lavori is the congiuntivo presente.
❌ Lavoreremo di più se ci pagassero meglio. (intended: conditional)
Incorrect — this is the future, but the se-clause is counterfactual; you need the conditional.
✅ Lavoreremmo di più se ci pagassero meglio.
Correct — lavoreremmo (conditional, double m) is the right tense after a counterfactual se-clause.
Key takeaways
Lavorare is a canonical regular -are verb with no surprises in its conjugation. The stem lavor- never changes, the endings are textbook, and the auxiliary is always avere. Where it earns its weight is the surrounding vocabulary — the contract types, the everyday idioms, the metaphorical extensions.
Four points to internalise:
The loro form is rizotonic — stressed on the second syllable: lavorano = la-VO-ra-no. Mis-stressing this form is the most reliable sign of a learner.
The thematic vowel shifts a → e in the future and conditional: lavorare → lavorerò → lavorerei. Same rule for every regular -are verb.
Auxiliary is always avere — never essere. Ho lavorato, hai lavorato, ha lavorato — no exceptions.
The contract idioms are non-optional vocabulary. A tempo determinato vs a tempo indeterminato is the distinction that organises every conversation about Italian employment. Learn them as units.
For the parallel patterns of other A1 -are verbs that share lavorare's clean paradigm, move on to parlare, comprare, and abitare.
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Open the Italian course →Related Topics
- Parlare: Full ConjugationA1 — Complete paradigm of parlare (to speak) — the canonical regular -are verb whose endings (-o, -i, -a, -iamo, -ate, -ano) are the model for thousands of Italian verbs.
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- Comprare: Full ConjugationA1 — Complete paradigm of comprare (to buy) — a fully regular -are verb following the parlare model exactly, with a rich vocabulary of price-and-payment idioms and a register contrast against acquistare.
- Avere: Full ConjugationA1 — Complete paradigm of avere (to have) across every tense and mood — the most-used verb in Italian and the auxiliary for the majority of compound tenses.
- Presente: Regular -are VerbsA1 — How to conjugate the largest and most regular class of Italian verbs in the present indicative — and how to avoid the stress trap that gives away every learner.
- Auxiliary Selection: Essere vs Avere (The Critical Decision)A1 — The single grammatical decision that determines how every Italian compound tense works — when to use essere, when to use avere, and how to predict the right answer for any verb.