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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Direct object pronouns

Direct object pronouns replace nouns to help us avoid repeating ourselves. Instead of saying "I see the car, I drive the car", we say "I see the car, I drive *it*".

Here are the direct object pronouns in Portuguese:

| English | Pronoun |
| --- | --- |
| me | **me** |
| you (informal) | **te** |
| him / it (m) | **o** |
| her / it (f) | **a** |
| us | **nos** |
| them (m) | **os** |
| them (f) | **as** |

### Where to put the pronoun

In European Portuguese, the default rule for affirmative sentences is that object pronouns attach directly to the **end** of the verb, separated by a hyphen.

Here are examples using **me** and **te**:

{{item:948933}}

{{item:948935}}

*(Notice that when there are two verbs, you can attach the pronoun to the end of the infinitive!)*

### Matching gender and number

When replacing a third-person noun (him, her, it, or them), you must choose the pronoun that matches the noun's gender and number.

For a masculine noun like **o sumo**, use **o**. For a feminine noun like **a professora**, use **a**:

{{item:948937}}

{{item:948938}}

This rule applies exactly the same way in the plural. You will use **os** or **as** depending on what is being replaced, and **nos** to say "us":

{{item:948941}}

{{item:948943}}

{{item:948945}}

Attaching these pronouns to the end of the verb is one of the most distinctive and common rhythms of Portuguese spoken in Portugal. Keep an eye out for that hyphen!

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
to help	ajudar
me	me
He helps me today.	Ele ajuda-me hoje.
you (informal object)	te
I can help you tomorrow.	Posso ajudar-te amanhã.
him/it (m)	o
The juice is good and I always drink it.	O sumo é bom e bebo-o sempre.
She is the teacher. I know her well.	Ela é a professora. Conheço-a bem.
to call (summon)	chamar
us	nos
My father calls us.	O meu pai chama-nos.
them (m)	os
The shoes are beautiful! I buy them today.	Os sapatos são lindos! Compro-os hoje.
them (f)	as
The apples? He eats them.	As maçãs? Ele come-as.
to adore	adorar
I adore you.	Adoro-te.
The chocolate? He adores it.	O chocolate? Ele adora-o.
They call me early.	Eles chamam-me cedo.
She is going to visit us.	Ela vai visitar-nos.
My friends are there. I meet them in the café.	Os meus amigos estão ali. Encontro-os no café.
I visit the girls and I help them.	Eu visito as raparigas e ajudo-as.
The doctor helps her.	O médico ajuda-a.
to take (somewhere)	levar
The train takes him to the center.	O comboio leva-o ao centro.
I take you to the hospital today.	Eu levo-te ao hospital hoje.
the gift	o presente
to keep	guardar
I bought the gift yesterday and kept it.	Comprei o presente ontem e guardei-o.
The gift is beautiful and she adores it.	O presente é bonito e ela adora-o.
The keys? I keep them in the drawer.	As chaves? Guardo-as na gaveta.
My mother calls me for dinner.	A minha mãe chama-me para o jantar.
me (after prepositions)	mim
This book is for me.	Este livro é para mim.
The present is for me.	O presente é para mim.
himself / herself / themselves	se
He is called Pedro.	Ele chama-se Pedro.
What is your name, madam?	Como se chama a senhora?
your (formal) / his / her (all forms: seu, sua, seus, suas)	seu
Your book is here.	O seu livro está aqui.
Your house is big.	A sua casa é grande.

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