Adjective + Noun Collocations

Portuguese adjectives do not cohabit randomly with nouns. Many noun-adjective pairs are so entrenched that native speakers reach for them as fixed units. Chuva forte ("heavy rain") is automatic; chuva pesada is grammatical but sounds like a bad translation. Profundo respeito is idiomatic; fundo respeito is nonsense. Mau gosto is right; gosto mau is wrong. Knowing which adjective attaches to which noun — and in which position — is what separates natural Portuguese from English-calqued Portuguese.

This page organizes PT-PT adjective-noun collocations by semantic field. It also covers the crucial matter of position: most Portuguese adjectives normally follow the noun, but fixed collocations sometimes freeze them pre-nominally with a more literary or emphatic flavour. And for a small set of adjectives, position actually changes the meaning.

Strength and intensity

Portuguese prefers forte, grave, profundo, total, absoluto, pleno over the more prosaic intensifiers you might translate from English (heavy, big, deep, complete). Each has its own collocational range.

forte — strong, heavy, intense

Forte is the default intensifier for physical forces, emotional states, and weather phenomena.

CollocationMeaning
chuva forteheavy rain
vento fortestrong wind
dor forte / forte dorstrong pain
forte impactostrong impact
forte razãostrong reason
forte personalidade / personalidade fortestrong personality
forte medostrong fear
café fortestrong coffee
fortes evidênciasstrong evidence

Ontem caiu uma chuva forte que inundou metade do bairro.

Yesterday there was heavy rain that flooded half the neighbourhood.

Ela tem uma personalidade muito forte — não se deixa impressionar.

She has a very strong personality — she doesn't let herself be impressed.

Acordei com uma forte dor de cabeça, não consigo trabalhar assim.

I woke up with a strong headache, I can't work like this.

Faz-me um café bem forte, preciso de acordar.

Make me a really strong coffee, I need to wake up.

grave — serious, severe

The adjective of serious consequences. In everyday PT-PT, grave is used for illnesses, errors, accidents, and problems where the stakes are real.

CollocationMeaning
grave erro / erro graveserious mistake
grave crise / crise graveserious crisis
grave problema / problema graveserious problem
grave acidente / acidente graveserious accident
ferida graveserious wound
gravemente doentegravely ill
gravemente feridogravely injured

Foi um erro grave assinar aquele contrato sem ler.

It was a serious mistake to sign that contract without reading it.

Houve um acidente grave na A1 esta manhã — dois feridos graves.

There was a serious accident on the A1 this morning — two gravely injured.

O avô está gravemente doente, os médicos não dão muita esperança.

Grandpa is gravely ill, the doctors don't give much hope.

profundo — deep

Used for emotions, thoughts, silences, and admirations. Often pre-nominal for emphasis.

CollocationMeaning
profundo respeitodeep respect
profunda tristezadeep sadness
profundo silênciodeep silence
profunda admiraçãodeep admiration
sono profundodeep sleep
profunda dordeep pain (emotional)

Tenho profundo respeito pelo trabalho que ele faz há trinta anos.

I have deep respect for the work he's been doing for thirty years.

A sua morte deixou a família numa profunda tristeza.

His death left the family in deep sadness.

Depois das palavras dela, caiu um silêncio profundo na sala.

After her words, a deep silence fell over the room.

Dormi um sono profundo pela primeira vez em semanas.

I had a deep sleep for the first time in weeks.

total and absoluto — complete, absolute

CollocationMeaning
total confiançacomplete trust
total surpresacomplete surprise
total desconhecimentocomplete ignorance (of the facts)
total entregatotal dedication
absoluto silêncioabsolute silence
absoluta certezaabsolute certainty
absoluta verdadeabsolute truth

Tenho total confiança na minha equipa — nunca me falharam.

I have complete trust in my team — they've never let me down.

Foi uma total surpresa — ninguém esperava aquela decisão.

It was a complete surprise — nobody expected that decision.

Tenho absoluta certeza de que fechei a porta.

I'm absolutely certain I closed the door.

pleno — full, in the middle of

Almost always pre-nominal. Pleno is a register step above cheio and carries legal, temporal, or dramatic weight.

CollocationMeaning
pleno direitofull right
plena liberdadefull freedom
pleno invernothe dead of winter
pleno verãothe height of summer
em pleno diain broad daylight
em plena ruaright in the middle of the street
em plena formain top form

Assaltaram-no em pleno dia, na Avenida da Liberdade.

He was robbed in broad daylight, on Avenida da Liberdade.

Em pleno inverno, uma piscina aquecida é um luxo que compensa.

In the dead of winter, a heated pool is a luxury that pays off.

Ele está em plena forma — venceu a maratona com quase 50 anos.

He's in top form — he won the marathon at almost 50.

Positive evaluations

Portuguese has a rich vocabulary for praise. Knowing which intensifier attaches to which noun makes flattery sound native.

CollocationMeaning
boa ideiagood idea
bom trabalhogood job
boa sortegood luck
boa escolhagood choice
bom humorgood mood
excelente trabalhoexcellent work
excelente ideiaexcellent idea
excelente oportunidadeexcellent opportunity
ótima perguntagreat question (AO90; pre-AO90 óptima)
ótima escolhagreat choice
óptimo resultado → ótimo resultadogreat result

Que boa ideia ir à feira este fim de semana!

What a good idea to go to the fair this weekend!

Fizeste um excelente trabalho naquela apresentação — toda a gente elogiou.

You did excellent work on that presentation — everyone praised it.

Boa sorte para o teu exame amanhã!

Good luck with your exam tomorrow!

Foi uma ótima escolha de restaurante — comemos muito bem.

It was a great choice of restaurant — we ate really well.

💡
Evaluative adjectives like bom, mau, grande, pequeno almost always precede the noun when they express a general evaluation (boa ideia, mau tempo, grande problema). Post-nominal placement with these adjectives often shifts the reading towards literal description (homem grande = "a large man", not "a great man"). See the position section below.

Negative evaluations

CollocationMeaning
má ideiabad idea
mau trabalhopoor work
má sortebad luck
má escolhabad choice
mau humorbad mood
mau gostobad taste
péssima ideiaterrible idea
péssimo trabalhoterrible job
péssima escolhaterrible choice
horrível acidente / acidente horrívelhorrible accident
horrível notícia / notícia horrívelawful news
triste notíciasad news
triste figurapathetic sight (fazer triste figura — to cut a sad figure)
triste fimsad end

Acho que foi uma má ideia convidá-lo para o jantar.

I think it was a bad idea to invite him to dinner.

Que má sorte — chegaste dez minutos depois de ela sair.

What bad luck — you arrived ten minutes after she left.

Ele veio com um mau humor insuportável — nem sei o que lhe terá acontecido.

He arrived in an unbearable bad mood — I don't even know what happened to him.

Foi uma péssima ideia alugar aquele carro — avariou-se duas vezes.

It was a terrible idea to rent that car — it broke down twice.

Tenho uma triste notícia para te dar: a Dona Emília faleceu esta manhã.

I have sad news for you: Dona Emília passed away this morning.

Fez uma triste figura no debate, ninguém lhe deu razão.

He cut a sad figure in the debate, nobody sided with him.

Descriptive: physical and size

CollocationMeaning
bonita paisagem / paisagem bonitabeautiful landscape
belo diabeautiful day
belo panorama / panorama belobeautiful view
casa grande / grande casabig house / great house (different meanings!)
pequena aldeia / aldeia pequenasmall village
largo caminhowide path
estreita rua / rua estreitanarrow street

Que belo dia para dar um passeio pela serra!

What a beautiful day for a walk in the hills!

Do miradouro temos um panorama belo sobre o Tejo.

From the lookout we have a beautiful view of the Tagus.

Vivem numa pequena aldeia do Alentejo com trinta habitantes.

They live in a small village in Alentejo with thirty inhabitants.

As ruas estreitas da Alfama são encantadoras, mas impossíveis de carro.

The narrow streets of Alfama are charming, but impossible by car.

Health

CollocationMeaning
saúde de ferroiron-strong health
gripe fortebad flu
forte dor de cabeçabad headache
dor de costasback pain
tosse secadry cough
tosse com expetoraçãochesty cough
frio cortantebiting cold
febre altahigh fever
doença graveserious illness

O meu avô tem uma saúde de ferro — aos 92 anos ainda cava no quintal.

My grandfather has iron-strong health — at 92 he still digs in the garden.

Apanhei uma gripe forte e estou de cama há quatro dias.

I caught a bad flu and I've been in bed for four days.

Ele tem uma tosse seca que não passa com nada.

He has a dry cough that won't go away with anything.

Está um frio cortante lá fora — veste um casaco a sério.

It's a biting cold outside — put on a proper jacket.

Social and moral

CollocationMeaning
boa pessoagood person
má pessoabad person
bom caráctergood character
mau carácterbad character
pessoa honestahonest person
pessoa corruptacorrupt person
educação rigorosastrict upbringing
educação severasevere upbringing
educação permissivapermissive upbringing
comportamento exemplarexemplary behaviour
conduta reprovávelreprehensible conduct
atitude positivapositive attitude
atitude negativanegative attitude

A Maria é uma boa pessoa — sempre disponível para ajudar.

Maria is a good person — always ready to help.

Ele é um homem de mau carácter — não confio nele.

He's a man of bad character — I don't trust him.

Tive uma educação rigorosa, talvez um bocado severa de mais.

I had a strict upbringing, maybe a bit too severe.

É preciso ter uma atitude positiva perante os problemas.

You need to have a positive attitude towards problems.

Feelings and emotions

CollocationMeaning
profunda alegriadeep joy
forte emoção / emoção fortestrong emotion
pena profundadeep sorrow
vergonha profundadeep shame
medo infundadounfounded fear
medo pânicopanic fear
medo mortaldeathly fear
alegria contagiantecontagious joy
alegria genuínagenuine joy

Sinto uma profunda alegria sempre que vejo os meus netos.

I feel deep joy every time I see my grandchildren.

O filme provocou-me uma emoção forte, ainda estou a processar.

The film provoked a strong emotion in me, I'm still processing.

Ele tem um medo mortal de andar de avião, nunca voou na vida.

He has a deathly fear of flying, he's never flown in his life.

A alegria dela é contagiante — é impossível estar com ela e ficar triste.

Her joy is contagious — it's impossible to be around her and stay sad.

Logical and academic

CollocationMeaning
claro raciocínioclear reasoning
sólido argumento / argumento sólidosolid argument
argumento convincenteconvincing argument
argumento falaciosofallacious argument
firme convicçãofirm conviction
firme propósitofirm purpose
firme determinaçãofirm determination
lógico pensamento / pensamento lógicological thinking

O professor tem um raciocínio claro, consigo sempre acompanhar-lhe a aula.

The professor has clear reasoning, I can always follow his class.

Apresentou um argumento sólido, mas a comissão rejeitou-o mesmo assim.

He presented a solid argument, but the committee rejected it anyway.

Tenho a firme convicção de que este projeto vai ter sucesso.

I have the firm conviction that this project will succeed.

Idiomatic fixed combinations

Some adjective-noun pairs are so lexicalized that they function almost as single words. Position is usually fixed.

CollocationMeaning
meia-noitemidnight
meio-dianoon
velha guardaold guard
ponto fracoweak point
ponto fortestrong point
última horalast minute; breaking news
primeira vezfirst time
alta sociedadehigh society
alta culturahigh culture
baixo custolow cost
alto custohigh cost
curto prazoshort term
longo prazolong term
longa vidalong life
curta duraçãoshort duration

Cheguei a casa à meia-noite, exausto.

I got home at midnight, exhausted.

O meu ponto fraco são os nomes — nunca os consigo decorar.

My weak point is names — I can never memorize them.

Comprei o bilhete à última hora e ainda paguei menos.

I bought the ticket last minute and still paid less.

É a primeira vez que vens a Portugal?

Is it your first time coming to Portugal?

A longo prazo, este investimento vai compensar.

In the long term, this investment will pay off.

As companhias de baixo custo mudaram a forma como viajamos.

Low-cost airlines changed the way we travel.

Position: pre-nominal vs post-nominal

The single most useful rule for Portuguese adjective position: the default is post-nominal, and pre-nominal placement either marks a fixed collocation or shifts the meaning in predictable ways.

The three regimes

  1. Default descriptive — adjective follows the noun. This is objective, neutral description: chuva forte, casa grande, livro interessante, pessoa honesta.

  2. Evaluative pre-nominal — adjective precedes the noun. This tends to be subjective, emphatic, or figurative: boa ideia, mau momento, grande artista, pequena fortuna.

  3. Lexicalized fixed — some pairs are frozen in one position: meia-noite (always pre-), saúde de ferro (always post-).

Ele é um homem grande.

He's a big man (physically large).

Ele é um grande homem.

He's a great man (morally, in stature).

Comprei uma casa velha.

I bought an old house (age).

Comprei uma velha casa da família.

I bought an old family house (longstanding, with emotional weight).

É um amigo pobre.

He's a poor friend (lacks money).

É um pobre amigo.

He's a pitiable friend (unfortunate, deserving of sympathy).

Adjectives whose meaning depends on position

A short, important list:

AdjectivePost-nominalPre-nominal
grandebig (physical)great, important
velhoold (age)long-standing, former
pobrepoor (no money)pitiable, unfortunate
ricorich (wealthy)lovely, wonderful (colloquial)
certocorrecta certain (unspecified)
novonew (brand new)another, new (recent)
únicounique (one of a kind)only, sole
própriosuitable, appropriateown, himself/herself

Ela tem um carro novo.

She has a new car (brand new — just bought).

Ela tem um novo carro.

She has another car / a new car (replacing the old one — recent, not necessarily factory-new).

Essa é a resposta certa.

That's the correct answer.

Num certo sentido, tens razão.

In a certain sense, you're right.

Este é o único livro sobre o assunto.

This is the only book on the subject.

Este livro é único — não há outro igual.

This book is unique — there's no other like it.

É a minha própria mãe que está a dizer isto.

It's my own mother who's saying this.

Este vestido não é próprio para a ocasião.

This dress isn't appropriate for the occasion.

💡
For the movable adjectives (grande, velho, pobre, novo, certo, único), pre-nominal is the subjective/figurative reading and post-nominal is the literal/descriptive reading. When in doubt, put it after the noun — that is the default and carries the literal sense. Pre-nominal placement is marked and can mislead if you use it without meaning to.

English-to-Portuguese pitfalls

EnglishPT-PT collocationNOT
heavy rainchuva fortechuva pesada
deep sleepsono profundosono fundo
strong coffeecafé fortecafé forte is fine; avoid café pesado
big mistake (serious)erro gravegrande erro is possible but means something different (enormous error)
strong windvento forte
high feverfebre altanot febre grande
bad headacheforte dor de cabeçanot má dor de cabeça
fast foodcomida rápidaand fast-food as the English term is also used in PT-PT
hot topictema quentecalque works here
thick accentsotaque carregadonot sotaque grosso

Amanhã prevê-se chuva forte em todo o país.

Heavy rain is forecast for tomorrow all over the country.

A miúda teve febre alta toda a noite.

The kid had a high fever all night.

Ele fala português com um sotaque carregado, mas compreende-se tudo.

He speaks Portuguese with a thick accent, but you can understand everything.

Common mistakes

❌ Vai cair uma chuva pesada esta tarde.

*Chuva pesada* is a direct calque from English. PT-PT says *chuva forte* for heavy rain.

✅ Vai cair uma chuva forte esta tarde.

Heavy rain is going to fall this afternoon.

❌ Tenho uma má dor de cabeça.

*Má dor* sounds wrong. The collocation is *forte dor de cabeça* or *dor de cabeça forte*.

✅ Tenho uma forte dor de cabeça.

I have a bad headache.

❌ Ele é um grande homem.

Technically grammatical but rarely what English speakers mean. *Grande homem* = great man (morally significant). To say 'he's a big man' (physical), use *ele é um homem grande*.

✅ Ele é um homem grande.

He's a big man (physically large).

❌ Foi uma grande erro.

Besides the gender agreement error (*erro* is masculine: *grande erro*), for *serious* mistake the standard chunk is *erro grave*.

✅ Foi um erro grave.

It was a serious mistake.

❌ Tenho pleno confiança nele.

Gender agreement: *confiança* is feminine, so *plena*. And the normal collocation is *total confiança*, not *plena confiança*.

✅ Tenho total confiança nele.

I have complete trust in him.

❌ Ele tem um fundo respeito por ti.

*Fundo respeito* is not a collocation. *Profundo respeito* is the correct chunk.

✅ Ele tem um profundo respeito por ti.

He has deep respect for you.

Key takeaways

  • Adjective-noun pairs are lexical units, not freely combinable. Native speakers reach for chuva forte, not chuva pesada, even though both are grammatical.
  • Default position is post-nominal: chuva forte, casa grande, pessoa honesta. This is the descriptive, literal reading.
  • Pre-nominal position marks subjective evaluation (boa ideia), emphasis (profundo respeito), or a shift of meaning (grande homem = great man, not big man).
  • A handful of adjectives change meaning by position: grande, velho, pobre, novo, certo, único, próprio. Post-nominal is always the literal reading.
  • Intensifiers cluster by semantic field: forte for physical/sensory strength, grave for seriousness, profundo for emotional/mental depth, total/absoluto for completeness, pleno for formal/temporal fullness.
  • English-to-PT pitfalls: heavy rain → chuva forte (not pesada); big mistake → erro grave (for serious); bad headache → forte dor de cabeça (not má dor).
  • Study adjectives inside their collocational frames. When you learn profundo, learn profundo respeito, profunda tristeza, profundo silêncio — you will use them often and they fix the meaning precisely.

Related Topics

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