No quiero ver el examen como un fracaso, sino como una oportunidad para aprender.

After querer in Spanish, you normally use an infinitive if the subject stays the same.

• quiero ver = I want to see / I want to view
• Not quiero veo

This is the same pattern as:

• Quiero aprender
• Quiero estudiar
• Quiero descansar

So No quiero ver... literally follows the very common structure querer + infinitive.

Not literally. Here ver means something more like:

• to view
• to see as
• to regard

So ver el examen como un fracaso means to see the exam as a failure, not just physically to look at an exam.

This is a very common use of ver in Spanish:

• Lo veo como un reto = I see it as a challenge
• Ella lo ve como una oportunidad = She sees it as an opportunity

In this sentence, como means as.

So:

• ver el examen como un fracaso = to see the exam as a failure
• como una oportunidad = as an opportunity

Be careful not to confuse it with cómo with an accent, which is used in questions or exclamations:

• ¿Cómo estás? = How are you?

Here there is no accent because it is not a question word; it is the preposition/conjunction meaning as.

Because el examen refers to a specific exam, while un fracaso and una oportunidad describe what kind of thing you are treating it as.

• el examen = the exam, a known/specific one
• un fracaso = a failure
• una oportunidad = an opportunity

In other words:

• the exam is already identified
• the labels failure and opportunity are categories

That is why Spanish uses the definite article with examen and indefinite articles with fracaso and oportunidad.

Because Spanish uses no ... sino ... when the second part replaces or corrects the first after a negative statement.

Here the idea is:

• not as a failure
• but rather as an opportunity

So:

• No quiero verlo como un fracaso, sino como una oportunidad

This is stronger and more precise than pero.
Pero usually just adds contrast, while sino means something closer to:

• but rather
• instead

A useful rule:

• No X, sino Y = not X, but rather Y

They are different words with different meanings.

sino as one word:

• used after a negative statement
• means but rather / instead

Example:

• No es fácil, sino difícil

si no as two words:

• means if not

Example:

• Si no estudias, suspenderás = If you do not study, you will fail

In your sentence, it must be sino because the speaker is correcting one idea with another:

• not a failure, but rather an opportunity

Because the full pattern is:

• ver algo como algo

So both halves keep the same structure:

• ver el examen como un fracaso
• ver el examen como una oportunidad

In the second half, ver el examen is omitted because it is already understood, but como still needs to be there:

• No quiero ver el examen como un fracaso, sino como una oportunidad

That repeated como makes the contrast clear and grammatical.

Para + infinitive is used very often to express:

• in order to
• for the purpose of

So una oportunidad para aprender means:

• an opportunity to learn
• an opportunity for learning
• an opportunity in order to learn

Why the infinitive? Because no new subject is introduced. It is a general purpose phrase.

Compare:

• una oportunidad para aprender = an opportunity to learn
• una oportunidad para que aprendas = an opportunity so that you learn

The first is simpler and more natural here.

Usually no, not in this meaning.

• ver can mean to see, to understand, or to view/regard
• mirar usually means to look at

So:

• ver el examen como un fracaso = to see/view the exam as a failure
• mirar el examen would sound more like physically looking at the exam paper

If you want alternatives to ver in this sentence, better options would be:

• considerar
• interpretar

For example:

• No quiero considerar el examen un fracaso
• No quiero interpretar el examen como un fracaso

But the original ver ... como ... is very natural.

Not exactly. Fracaso is often broader and stronger than simply not passing.

• fracaso = failure, possibly in a personal or bigger sense
• suspenso in Spain = a failing grade
• mala nota = bad mark/grade

So this sentence has an emotional or reflective tone. It does not just mean:

• I do not want to think of the exam as a bad result

It more strongly means:

• I do not want to think of the exam as a failure

That is why fracaso works well here: the speaker is rejecting a negative interpretation and replacing it with a growth-minded one.

Yes, a little, but the original order is very natural.

The standard version is:

• No quiero ver el examen como un fracaso, sino como una oportunidad para aprender

You could also say:

• No quiero ver como un fracaso el examen, sino como una oportunidad para aprender

But that sounds a bit less neutral and slightly more marked.

For everyday Spanish, the original sentence is the best choice because it is clear, balanced, and idiomatic.