Non posso parlare a lungo perché ho mal di gola.

In Italian, non normally goes directly before the conjugated verb:

• Non posso = I cannot / I can’t

So Non posso parlare is the natural way to say I can’t speak.

If you moved non somewhere else, the sentence would usually sound wrong or would change the meaning.

After a modal verb such as:

• potere = can / to be able to
• dovere = must / to have to
• volere = to want

Italian uses the bare infinitive, with no extra word like English to.

So:

• posso parlare = I can speak
• devo andare = I must go
• voglio mangiare = I want to eat

This is very normal in Italian.

A lungo is a fixed expression meaning for long or more naturally for a long time / at length.

So:

• parlare a lungo = to speak for a long time

The a is just part of the expression. It is not something you can always translate word-for-word.

Other ways to express a similar idea are:

• per molto tempo = for a long time
• molto = a lot

But a lungo often sounds a bit more idiomatic or polished in contexts like this.

Yes, you could, but the nuance is slightly different.

• Non posso parlare a lungo = I can’t speak for long / for a long time
• Non posso parlare molto = I can’t speak much / a lot

Both can work in many situations, but a lungo emphasizes duration, while molto can emphasize amount more generally.

Italian writes perché with an accent because the stress falls on the final -é sound.

It can mean both:

• because
• why

Examples:

• Non vengo perché sono stanco. = I’m not coming because I’m tired.
• Perché non vieni? = Why aren’t you coming?

So in your sentence, perché introduces the reason.

Italian often uses avere (to have) for physical complaints.

So:

• ho mal di gola = I have a sore throat
• ho mal di testa = I have a headache
• ho mal di schiena = I have back pain

This is a very common pattern. English and Italian simply express the idea differently.

Mal is a shortened form of male.

In this expression:

• mal di gola = throat pain / sore throat

You will often see this pattern:

• mal di testa = headache
• mal di denti = toothache
• mal di stomaco = stomachache

So mal di + body part / area is a common structure for talking about pain.

Because mal di gola is an idiomatic set expression.

With mal di + noun, Italian usually does not use an article:

• mal di gola
• mal di testa
• mal di stomaco

Using an article there would usually sound unnatural in this structure.

There is also another pattern:

• ho male alla gola = my throat hurts / I have pain in my throat

So Italian has more than one way to express this kind of idea, but ho mal di gola is one of the most standard.

Both are correct, but they are structured differently.

• Ho mal di gola = I have a sore throat
• Mi fa male la gola = My throat hurts / My throat is hurting me

The second one literally uses fare male = to hurt / to cause pain.

So:

• mi fa male la testa = my head hurts
• mi fanno male i piedi = my feet hurt

Both patterns are useful and very common.

Because parlare means to speak / to talk, while dire means to say / to tell.

In this sentence, the idea is about the ability to speak for a long time, so parlare is the right verb.

Compare:

• Non posso parlare a lungo. = I can’t speak for long.
• Non posso dire molto. = I can’t say much.

Those are similar, but not the same.

Yes. Posso is the 1st person singular present of potere:

• io posso = I can
• tu puoi = you can
• lui/lei può = he/she can

Potere is an irregular verb, so its forms do not always look exactly like the infinitive. This is normal and something learners just get used to with common verbs.

The given order is the most natural:

• Non posso parlare a lungo perché ho mal di gola.

It starts with the main statement, then gives the reason.

You could sometimes change the order for emphasis:

• Perché ho mal di gola, non posso parlare a lungo.

But that sounds more marked or formal. In everyday speech, the original version is more likely.

Very natural. A speaker might say it exactly as written:

• Non posso parlare a lungo perché ho mal di gola.

In casual speech, the rhythm would often make it sound smooth and connected, especially around:

• parlare a lungo
• perché ho

If you want to sound natural, focus on stressing:

• pòsso
• lungo
• perché
• góla

And remember that perché ends with a clear stressed é sound.