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### From the passive to a plain adjective

In the last two lessons the past participle came after *a fi*: *ușa este deschisă* (the door is open). Take *a fi* away and put the participle straight after a noun, and it works like any other adjective: **o ușă deschisă** (an open door), **o mașină folosită** (a used car), **banii pierduți** (the lost money). It follows the noun and agrees with it in gender and number, exactly like *nou* or *frumos*.

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### Four forms

| | m. sg. / n. sg. | f. sg. | m. pl. | f. pl. / n. pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| used | folosit | folosit**ă** | folosi**ți** | folosit**e** |
| lost | pierdut | pierdut**ă** | pierdu**ți** | pierdut**e** |
| open | deschis | deschis**ă** | deschi**și** | deschis**e** |

In the masculine plural, a final **-t** becomes **-ți** and a final **-s** becomes **-și**. Neuter nouns take the masculine form in the singular and the feminine form in the plural: *geamul deschis*, but *geamurile sparte*.

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### Short participles

A few participles you already know do not end in *-at*, *-it* or *-ut*. They agree in exactly the same way:

| verb | participle | with a noun |
|---|---|---|
| a scrie | scris | o scrisoare **scrisă** |
| a deschide | deschis | o farmacie **deschisă** |
| a sparge | spart | un pahar **spart** |
| a coace | copt | cartofi **copți** |

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### Who did it: de

Like the passive, a participle after a noun can name who did the action, with **de** (by).

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### In the kitchen

Cooking participles are some of the most common adjectives of all. You already know **cartofii prăjiți** (French fries, literally *fried potatoes*); the same pattern gives **pește prăjit** (fried fish), **cartofi copți** (baked potatoes) and **mâncare gătită** acasă (home-cooked food).

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Participles as adjectives (cartofi prăjiți, ușa deschisă)

adjective

adverb

adverbial phrase

auxiliary

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

The verb to be and definite articles (a fi, -ul, -le)

Feminine definite articles (-a, -ua)

Indefinite articles (un, o)

Negative sentences (nu)

Question words (ce, unde, cine)

The verb to have (a avea)

Masculine plural nouns (-i, -ii)

Feminine plural nouns (-e, -i, -le)

Neuter plural nouns (-uri, -e, -le)

Adjectives and agreement

Present tense of regular -a verbs

Present tense of -a verbs with suffix (-ez)

Present tense of regular -i and -î verbs

Present tense of -i and -î verbs with suffix (-esc / -ăsc)

Present tense of -ea and -e verbs

Reflexive pronouns (mă, te, se, ne, vă)

Accusative prepositions (în, la, pe, din, cu)

Likes and dislikes (îmi place)

Possessive adjectives (meu, tău, său)

Third-person possessives (lui, ei, lor)

Possessive articles (al, a, ai, ale)

Formal politeness (dumneavoastră)

Demonstrative adjectives (acest, acel)

Numbers 1 to 10

The number two (doi, două)

Numbers 11 to 20

Counting by tens to 100

Quantifying large numbers (de)

The subjunctive (să)

Third-person subjunctive (să)

Direct object pronouns (îl, o, îi, le)

Personal direct objects (pe)

Days of the week

Telling time (e ora...)

Months of the Year (January to June)

Months of the Year (July to December)

The Four Seasons

Weather Conditions

Rooms in a House

Basic Body Parts: Upper Body

Basic Body Parts: Limbs

Everyday Clothing

Basic Foods: Groceries

Fruits and Vegetables

Around Town

Getting Around

Setting the Table

A Colorful World

Common Animals

In the Wild

Jobs and Careers

Everyday Tech

Describing people (tânăr, bătrân, înalt)

Asking when and why (când, de ce, care)

Hello and goodbye (bună ziua, la revedere)

Coming and going (intra, sta, trece)

Where is it? (sub, lângă, între)

Knowing and thinking (știu că, cred că)

Sorry, welcome, congratulations (îmi pare rău, la mulți ani)

Introducing yourself (mă numesc, sunt din România)

How much and how many (puțin, prea, doar)

Can and may (pot merge, pot să merg)

If and whether (dacă)

At school and university

Irregular verbs in the present (vrea, lua, da, bea, sta)

Free time and sport

How much is it? (cât costă, câți, câte)

Before and after (înainte, după, până)

At the doctor (mă doare)

Meals of the day (micul dejun, prânzul, cina)

At the restaurant

Ability and permission (a putea să)

Obligation and necessity (trebuie să)

Desires and intentions (a vrea să)

Impersonal statements (se)

Adverbs of frequency (adesea, uneori)

Conjunctions for reasons and links (pentru că, deci)

Stressed accusative pronouns (pe mine, pe tine)

Indefinite pronouns (cineva, ceva)

Negative pronouns and double negation (nimeni, nimic)

The past tense auxiliary (am, ai, a)

The past tense (am, ai, a)

Regular past participles (-at, -it)

Regular past participles (-ut, -s, -t)

Negative past tense (nu am)

Question	Answer
I bought a used phone.	Am cumpărat un telefon folosit.
The children want fried fish.	Copiii vor pește prăjit.
We sleep with the window open.	Dormim cu geamul deschis.
I found a lost dog in the park.	Am găsit un câine pierdut în parc.
The broken glass is on the table.	Paharul spart e pe masă.
Leave the door open, please.	Lasă ușa deschisă, te rog.
We're looking for a used car.	Căutăm o mașină folosită.
I got a handwritten letter.	Am primit o scrisoare scrisă de mână.
I found an open pharmacy.	Am găsit o farmacie deschisă.
Home-cooked food is healthier.	Mâncarea gătită acasă e mai sănătoasă.
The baked potatoes are tasty.	Cartofii copți sunt gustoși.
I found the lost money under the sofa.	Am găsit banii pierduți sub canapea.
The invited friends came early.	Prietenii invitați au venit devreme.
The shoes I bought yesterday are too small.	Pantofii cumpărați ieri sunt prea mici.
Who paid for the broken windows?	Cine a plătit geamurile sparte?
I read the messages written by the children.	Am citit mesajele scrise de copii.
The washed clothes are in the closet.	Hainele spălate sunt în dulap.
We have two rooms booked.	Avem două camere rezervate.

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