Chinese (Mandarin)

Spanish

English

Hindi

Arabic (Modern Standard)

Portuguese

Bengali

Russian

Japanese

Punjabi

German

Javanese

Malay

Telugu

Vietnamese

Korean

French

Marathi

Tamil

Urdu

Turkish

Italian

Chinese, Yue / Cantonese

Thai

Gujarati

Chinese, Jin

Chinese, Min Nan

Dari

Farsi

Polish

Pashto

Kannada

Chinese, Xiang

Malayalam

Sundanese

Hausa

Odia

Burmese

Chinese, Hakka

Ukrainian

Bihari, Bhojpuri

Tagalog

Yoruba

Bihari, Maithili

Uzbek

Sindhi

Amharic

Fula

Romanian

Oromo

Igbo

Azerbaijani

Chinese, Gan

Dutch

Kurdish, Central

Kurdish, Northern

Kurdish, Southern

Malagasy

Lahnda, Saraiki

Nepali

Sinhalese

Chittagonian

Zhuang

Khmer

Turkmen

Assamese

Madurese

Somali

Marwari

Bihari, Magahi

Haryanvi

Hungarian

Chhattisgarhi

Greek

Chewa

Dakhini

Akan, Twi

Akan, Fante

Kazakh

Chinese, Min Bei

Sylheti

Zulu

Czech

Kinyarwanda

Marwari, Dhundhari

Haitian Creole

Chinese, Min Dong

Ilocano

Quechua

Kirundi

Swedish

Hmong

Shona

Uyghur

Hiligaynon

Mossi

Xhosa

Belarusian

Balochi

Portuguese (Portugal)

### Adding information with *e*

Use **e** (and) to link related ideas, string together a sequence of events, or list everyday problems.

{{item:947883}}

{{item:947886}}

### Contrasting ideas with *mas*

Use **mas** (but) to show a contrast or introduce a complication.

{{item:947893}}

{{item:947894}}

### Presenting alternatives with *ou*

Use **ou** (or) to present a choice between different options or outcomes.

{{item:947899}}

{{item:947900}}

### Explaining reasons with *porque*

Use **porque** (because) to explain *why* something is happening or to offer an excuse.

{{item:947903}}

{{item:947906}}

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
broken	estragado
late	atrasado
The car is broken and I am late.	O carro está estragado e estou atrasado.
busy	ocupado
to lose	perder
She is busy and misses the flight.	Ela está ocupada e perde o voo.
to stay	ficar
My father is sick and stays at home.	O meu pai está doente e fica em casa.
the mistake	o erro
the excuse	a desculpa
The mistake is small and we have an excuse.	O erro é pequeno e temos uma desculpa.
the fault	a culpa
The mistake is not mine, but the fault is his.	O erro não é meu, mas a culpa é dele.
I miss the bus, but I cannot stay here.	Perco o autocarro, mas não posso ficar aqui.
They are late, but the doctor is busy.	Eles estão atrasados, mas a médica está ocupada.
The television is broken, but we have the computer.	A televisão está estragada, mas temos o computador.
or	ou
Do you miss the train or the bus?	Perdes o comboio ou o autocarro?
Does he have an excuse or a problem?	Ele tem uma desculpa ou um problema?
We leave now or we are late.	Saímos agora ou ficamos atrasados.
Do you want to stay at home or go out?	Quer ficar em casa ou sair?
because	porque
I cannot work because the computer is broken.	Não posso trabalhar porque o computador está estragado.
They stay at home because they are busy.	Eles ficam em casa porque estão ocupados.
The doctor is late because she is very busy.	A médica está atrasada porque está muito ocupada.
We need an excuse because the fault is ours.	Precisamos de uma desculpa porque a culpa é nossa.
then / so	então
I am ill, so I do not work.	Estou doente, então não trabalho.
He does not eat meat, so he eats fish.	Ele não come carne, então come peixe.
why? (standing alone)	porquê
Why? I do not understand.	Porquê? Eu não compreendo.
You are not going to the party? Why?	Tu não vais à festa? Porquê?
like this	assim
I speak like this.	Eu falo assim.
It is not like this.	Não é assim.
since	desde
I have worked here since January.	Eu trabalho aqui desde janeiro.
Since Monday I have been ill.	Desde segunda-feira estou doente.

Contributors