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Icelandic

### "I am" and "You are"

To introduce yourself and others, use the singular pronouns **ég** (I) and **þú** (you) with the verb **vera** (to be).

In the present tense:
- **ég er** (I am)
- **þú ert** (you are)

Remember, Icelandic has no word for "a" or "an".

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### Asking and Answering Questions

To form a yes/no question, swap the subject and the verb. *Þú ert* (you are) becomes *Ert þú...?* (Are you...?).

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Answer these questions using **já** (yes) or **nei** (no).

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### He, She, and It

The third-person pronouns are **hann** (he), **hún** (she), and **það** (it). The verb form for all three is **er**—exactly the same as for *ég*.

- **hann er** (he is)
- **hún er** (she is)
- **það er** (it is)

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Connect contrasting sentences with **en** (but).

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Again, swap the verb and subject to ask a question.

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### Pronouns and Grammatical Gender

In Icelandic, pronouns replacing a noun must match its grammatical gender, even for inanimate objects!

When first identifying what something is, use **það** (it) or **þetta** (this).

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Once referring back to a specific noun, use the pronoun that matches its gender:
- **hann** (he) for masculine nouns like *hundur* (dog) or *bíll* (car).
- **hún** (she) for feminine nouns like *bók* (book).
- **það** (it) for neuter nouns like *hús* (house).

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Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Weak adjectives in the nominative (-i, -a, -a)

Question	Answer
I	ég
the teacher	kennarinn
I am a teacher.	Ég er kennari.
you	þú
the student	nemandinn
You are a student.	Þú ert nemandi.
Are you a teacher?	Ert þú kennari?
yes	já
Yes, I am a teacher.	Já, ég er kennari.
no	nei
the doctor	læknirinn
No, I am a doctor.	Nei, ég er læknir.
she	hún
the Icelander	Íslendingurinn
She is an Icelander.	Hún er Íslendingur.
he	hann
but	en
He is a doctor but she is a student.	Hann er læknir en hún er nemandi.
Is he an Icelander?	Er hann Íslendingur?
Yes, he is an Icelander.	Já, hann er Íslendingur.
it / there (existential) / the one (n)	það
It is a car.	Það er bíll.
No, it is a house.	Nei, það er hús.
The car is here but the book is there.	Bíllinn er hér en bókin er þar.
This is a book and it is here.	Þetta er bók og hún er hér.
This is a dog and it is there.	Þetta er hundur og hann er þar.