Eu vou falar com a professora depois da aula.

Yes, you often can leave it out.

Portuguese is a pro-drop language, which means the subject pronoun is often omitted when the verb already makes the subject clear. So:

• Eu vou falar com a professora depois da aula.
• Vou falar com a professora depois da aula.

Both are natural.

Including Eu can add:

• emphasis: I will talk to the teacher
• clarity, especially if the subject might otherwise be unclear

In everyday Brazilian Portuguese, dropping Eu is very common.

Vou falar is the very common near future structure in Portuguese:

• vou = I go / I am going
• falar = to speak / to talk

Together, vou falar means I’m going to talk or sometimes simply I will talk.

Portuguese also has a simple future form:

• falarei = I will speak / I will talk

But in everyday Brazilian Portuguese, vou falar is much more common and sounds more natural in ordinary conversation.

Vou is the first person singular form of the verb ir (to go).

The present tense of ir is irregular:

• eu vou
• você / ele / ela vai
• nós vamos
• vocês / eles / elas vão

In this sentence, vou is not mainly about physical movement. It is being used as part of the future expression ir + infinitive:

• vou falar = I’m going to talk

Because after ir in the structure ir + infinitive, the second verb stays in the infinitive.

So:

• vou falar = I’m going to talk
• vai estudar = is going to study
• vamos sair = we’re going to leave

You do not say something like vou falo. After vou, you use the base verb form: falar.

In Portuguese, falar com means to speak/talk with someone.

So:

• falar com a professora = to talk with the teacher

This is the normal preposition used with a person when you mean speaking to them or with them.

A related phrase is:

• falar de = to talk about

For example:

• Vou falar com a professora. = I’m going to talk to the teacher.
• Vou falar da professora. = I’m going to talk about the teacher.

That difference is very important:

• com = with / to
• de = about / of / from, depending on context

Portuguese often uses definite articles much more than English does.

So a professora literally looks like the teacher, and that is very natural in Portuguese. In many contexts, when referring to a specific person in a role, Portuguese prefers the article.

Examples:

• Vou falar com a professora.
• O médico chegou.
• A diretora ligou.

In English, we sometimes omit the, but in Portuguese the article is often expected.

Yes.

• professora = female teacher
• professor = male teacher or sometimes teacher in general, depending on context

Since the sentence says a professora, it clearly refers to a woman.

If it were a male teacher, the sentence would be:

• Eu vou falar com o professor depois da aula.

Because de + a contracts to da in Portuguese.

So:

• de + a = da
• de + o = do
• de + as = das
• de + os = dos

That means:

• depois da aula = after the class
• literally: after of the class, though you should think of it as one natural phrase

The full uncontracted form de a aula is not used here.

Because aula is being used with the definite article a:

• a aula = the class / the lesson

Then de + a becomes da, giving:

• depois da aula = after class / after the lesson

Portuguese often uses the article in expressions where English may or may not use one. In English, after class has no article, but Portuguese normally says depois da aula.

It can mean either class or lesson, depending on context.

Common meanings of aula:

• a class session
• a lesson
• a lecture period

So depois da aula could mean:

• after class
• after the lesson

The exact English translation depends on the situation.

Usually, in this sentence, depois da aula is the natural choice.

Depois da aula refers to a specific class or the class context already understood by the speakers.

Depois de aula is generally not the normal phrasing here.

For a learner, the safest and most natural expression is:

• depois da aula

Very often, yes.

Depois commonly appears in the expression:

• depois de = after

Examples:

• depois da aula
• depois do trabalho
• depois de comer
• depois de estudar

So in your sentence:

• depois da aula = depois de + a aula

Because of contraction, it becomes da.

In many cases, Portuguese uses the same structure:

• falar com alguém

That can translate as:

• speak to someone
• talk to someone
• talk with someone

Portuguese does not always separate to and with in the same way English does here. Com is the normal choice.

So falar com a professora is a natural way to express either talk to the teacher or speak with the teacher.

Yes, but they are slightly different.

• falar = to speak / to talk
• conversar = to chat / to have a conversation

So:

• Vou falar com a professora = I’m going to talk to the teacher
• Vou conversar com a professora = I’m going to have a conversation with the teacher

Conversar can sound a little more like an actual discussion, while falar is broader and very common.

A rough English-friendly guide is:

eh-ooh VOH fah-LAR kohng ah pro-feh-SO-rah deh-POYSS dah OW-lah

A few notes:

• eu often sounds like something between eh-ooh
• vou rhymes roughly with English go without the g
• falar has stress on the last syllable: fa-LAR
• professora has stress on so: pro-feh-SO-ra
• depois has stress on pois
• aula sounds roughly like OW-lah

Pronunciation varies by region, but this is a good general Brazilian approximation.

Sometimes, depending on context, yes.

Strictly speaking:

• aula = class / lesson

So the most direct meaning is after class or after the lesson.

But in some real-life situations, if the class is part of the school day, English might naturally say after school. Still, the Portuguese sentence itself specifically says after the class, not necessarily after school.

If you specifically wanted after school, you might say something like:

• depois da escola in some contexts

But that is not the same as depois da aula.

The main points are:

1. Subject pronoun

   • Eu = I
   • often optional in Portuguese

2. Near future

   • vou falar = going to talk / will talk
   • structure: ir + infinitive

3. Preposition with falar

   • falar com alguém = talk to/with someone

4. Definite article

   • a professora = the teacher
   • Portuguese uses articles frequently

5. Contraction

   • de + a = da
   • so depois da aula

6. Time expression

   • depois da aula = after class / after the lesson

It is a short sentence, but it contains several very common Portuguese patterns.