Po małym skaleczeniu mama zrobiła mi opatrunek i powiedziała, żebym nie dotykał rany.

Here po means after, and in this time-related meaning it normally takes the locative case.

So:

• skaleczenie → nominative
• po skaleczeniu → locative

The adjective must match too:

• małe skaleczenie → nominative
• po małym skaleczeniu → locative

A similar pattern is:

• po obiedzie = after dinner
• po pracy = after work

So po małym skaleczeniu means after a small cut/injury.

Because adjectives in Polish must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

The noun skaleczenie is:

• neuter
• singular
• here in the locative

So the adjective also has to be neuter singular locative, which gives małym.

Compare:

• małe skaleczenie = a small cut
• po małym skaleczeniu = after a small cut

They are related, but not exactly the same.

• skaleczenie usually means a cut or minor injury, often the event of getting cut or the injury as a small incident
• rana means wound

In this sentence, that distinction works well:

• po małym skaleczeniu = after the small injury happened
• nie dotykał rany = not touch the wound itself

So first we talk about the incident, then about the physical wound.

Mi is the dative form of ja and here means to me / for me / on me, depending on how natural you want the English to sound.

So:

• mama zrobiła opatrunek = Mom made/did a dressing
• mama zrobiła mi opatrunek = Mom made/did a dressing for me / put a dressing on me

In Polish, the dative often marks the person affected by an action.

Yes, it is understandable and natural enough, though there are a few possible ways to say this idea.

Common expressions include:

• zrobić opatrunek
• założyć opatrunek
• opatrzyć ranę

They are close in meaning, though not always identical in tone.

• zrobić opatrunek focuses on doing/making the dressing
• założyć opatrunek focuses on putting it on
• opatrzyć ranę means to dress or treat the wound

So the sentence is perfectly fine.

It is in the accusative singular, because it is the direct object of zrobiła.

• co zrobiła? → opatrunek

For masculine inanimate nouns like opatrunek, the accusative singular looks the same as the nominative singular:

• nominative: opatrunek
• accusative: opatrunek

So the form does not change, even though the case does.

They are past tense, feminine singular forms, because the subject is mama, which is feminine singular.

So:

• zrobił = he did
• zrobiła = she did

and

• powiedział = he said
• powiedziała = she said

Polish past tense agrees with the subject in gender and number.

Also, both verbs here are perfective:

• zrobić
• powiedzieć

That means the actions are seen as completed events.

Both are possible.

• powiedziała, żebym...
• powiedziała mi, żebym...

Polish often omits an object like mi when it is already obvious from context. Since the sentence already has mi earlier and the situation is clear, leaving it out sounds natural.

If you include it, you make the indirect object more explicit:

• mama powiedziała mi, żebym nie dotykał rany

That is also correct.

Żebym is built from żeby plus the clitic -m, which marks first person singular.

It means something like:

• so that I would
• that I should
• after verbs like powiedzieć, often simply to

In this sentence:

• powiedziała, żebym nie dotykał rany

means that she said that I should not touch the wound, or more naturally in English, she told me not to touch the wound.

You will see similar forms:

• żebym zrobił = that I should do
• żebyś zrobił = that you should do
• żeby zrobił = that he should do

That is a very common learner question.

After żeby, Polish uses a form that looks like the past tense, but here it does not mean past time. It is part of a structure used for wishes, requests, commands, intentions, and similar meanings.

So:

• żebym dotykał does not mean that I was touching
• it means that I should touch or, with negation here, that I should not touch

The ending also shows gender:

• masculine speaker: żebym nie dotykał
• feminine speaker: żebym nie dotykała

So this sentence suggests the speaker is male. If the speaker were female, it would be żebym nie dotykała rany.

Because dotykać is imperfective, while dotknąć is perfective.

Here the mother is giving a general instruction or prohibition: do not touch the wound. For this kind of ongoing or repeated avoidance, Polish naturally uses the imperfective:

• nie dotykać
• żebym nie dotykał

A perfective form like dotknąć would point more toward a single completed touch. In prohibitions, Polish often prefers the imperfective when the idea is don’t do that at all or don’t be doing that.

Because the verb dotykać normally takes the genitive.

So:

• dotykać czego? → rany

The noun rana has:

• nominative singular: rana
• genitive singular: rany
• accusative singular: ranę

So in this sentence, rany is correct because of the verb dotykać.

This is something you often just have to learn together with the verb:

• dotykać rany
• dotykać stołu
• dotykać włosów

Yes. The form żebym nie dotykał shows that the speaker is male.

In Polish, first-person forms in this structure still show gender:

• male speaker: żebym nie dotykał
• female speaker: żebym nie dotykała

So if a woman were saying the same sentence, it would be:

• Po małym skaleczeniu mama zrobiła mi opatrunek i powiedziała, żebym nie dotykała rany.