Je retourne chez le cordonnier parce que ma chaussure gauche me fait encore mal.

Retourner often means to return / to go back.

So Je retourne chez le cordonnier means I’m going back to the shoemaker’s.

It is different from plain je vais, which just means I’m going.
Using retourne tells you that the speaker has been there before and is going again.

In French, chez is used to mean to/at the home, shop, office, or place of someone, especially a person or professional.

So:

• chez le médecin = at/to the doctor’s
• chez le boulanger = at/to the baker’s
• chez le cordonnier = at/to the shoemaker’s

You do not say à le cordonnier.
And while au cordonnier might seem logical to an English speaker, French normally uses chez for a person or their place of business.

A cordonnier is a shoemaker or cobbler—someone who repairs shoes.

In modern everyday use, it often refers more to a person who repairs shoes than someone who makes them from scratch.

So this sentence suggests the speaker is returning to the shoe repair shop.

In French, most adjectives come after the noun.

So:

• une chaussure gauche = a left shoe
• une voiture rouge = a red car

That is why it is ma chaussure gauche, not ma gauche chaussure.

Words like gauche and droite often come after the noun when they describe left/right.

Yes, this is a very common French structure.

Faire mal à quelqu’un means to hurt someone or to cause someone pain.

So:

• Cette chaussure me fait mal = This shoe hurts me
• Mon dos me fait mal = My back hurts
• La tête me fait mal = My head hurts / My head is hurting

In your sentence, me means to me.
So ma chaussure gauche me fait mal literally means my left shoe causes pain to me, but in natural English: my left shoe still hurts or my left shoe is still hurting me.

The me is an indirect object pronoun, meaning to me.

French uses this pattern:

quelque chose fait mal à quelqu’un
= something hurts someone

Examples:

• Cette dent me fait mal = This tooth hurts me
• Ces bottes lui font mal = These boots hurt him/her
• Le bruit nous fait mal aux oreilles = The noise hurts our ears

So in your sentence, the shoe is the thing causing pain, and me tells you who is affected.

Here, encore means still.

So:

• me fait encore mal = still hurts me

Depending on context, encore can also mean again or more, but in this sentence still is the natural meaning.

Compare:

• Il pleut encore = It’s still raining
• Dis-le encore = Say it again
• J’en veux encore = I want some more

Both parce que and car can mean because, but they are used a little differently.

• parce que is very common in everyday spoken and written French
• car is usually a bit more formal or literary

So Je retourne chez le cordonnier parce que... sounds natural and conversational.

For most learners, parce que is the safer everyday choice.

Yes, absolutely.

French often makes the thing causing the pain the subject:

• Ces chaussures me font mal = These shoes hurt me
• Le froid me fait mal aux mains = The cold hurts my hands
• Cette chaise me fait mal au dos = This chair hurts my back

So ma chaussure gauche me fait encore mal is completely natural.
French is focusing on the shoe as the cause of the discomfort.

Because the speaker is talking about one specific shoe: the left one.

So:

• ma chaussure gauche = my left shoe
• mes chaussures = my shoes

If both shoes were causing pain, you might say:

• Mes chaussures me font mal

But here only the left shoe is the problem.

It would stay exactly the same:

Je retourne chez le cordonnier parce que ma chaussure gauche me fait encore mal.

Nothing in this sentence has to change for the speaker’s gender.

That is because:

• je works for both male and female speakers
• retourne does not change in the present tense based on gender
• ma chaussure gauche is feminine because chaussure is feminine, not because of the speaker

So the sentence is the same whether a man or a woman says it.