Madame, pouvez-vous me donner un reçu, s'il vous plaît?

Pouvez-vous uses inversion, which is a common way to form a formal question in French.

• Statement: Vous pouvez me donner un reçu. = You can give me a receipt.
• Question: Pouvez-vous me donner un reçu ? = Can you give me a receipt?

The verb and subject pronoun switch places:

• vous pouvez → pouvez-vous

They are joined with a hyphen in inversion questions.

French also has other ways to ask the same thing:

• Est-ce que vous pouvez me donner un reçu ?
• Vous pouvez me donner un reçu ? (more conversational)

In this sentence, pouvez-vous sounds polite and standard.

The hyphen is required in French when a question is formed by inversion.

So:

• Pouvez-vous... ?
• Avez-vous... ?
• Voulez-vous... ?

This is just the normal written form when the verb comes before the subject pronoun in a question.

Vous is used here because the speaker is being polite or formal.

French has two ways to say you:

• tu = informal singular
• vous = formal singular, or plural

Because the sentence begins with Madame, the speaker is addressing a woman respectfully, so vous is the natural choice.

A less formal version to a friend would be:

• Peux-tu me donner un reçu, s'il te plaît ?

In French, object pronouns like me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur usually come before the verb phrase, not after the main verb the way English often does.

Here, me means to me.

• me donner = to give me
• literally, French places me before the infinitive structure

With pouvoir + infinitive, the object pronoun normally comes before the infinitive:

• Pouvez-vous me donner... ?

This is very common:

• Je vais te parler.
• Elle peut nous aider.
• Pouvez-vous lui répondre ?

Because it follows pouvoir.

In French, after verbs like pouvoir (can / to be able to), the next verb usually stays in the infinitive:

• pouvoir donner = to be able to give
• vouloir partir = to want to leave
• devoir payer = to have to pay

So:

• Pouvez-vous me donner... ? literally follows the pattern:
• Can you give me... ?

The conjugated verb is pouvez and donner stays unconjugated.

Here, me means to me.

The verb donner often works like this:

• donner quelque chose à quelqu'un
• to give something to someone

So:

• donner un reçu à moi would be the full idea
• but French normally replaces à moi with the pronoun me

That gives:

• me donner un reçu = give me a receipt

In grammatical terms:

• me is the indirect object pronoun
• un reçu is the direct object

Because reçu is a masculine noun in French.

So the correct indefinite article is:

• un reçu = a receipt

Not:

• une reçu

You may notice that reçu also looks like a past participle of recevoir (received), and historically that is related, but here it is simply a noun meaning receipt.

The ç in reçu is called a c cédille.

Its job is to make the c sound like s before u.

So:

• reçu is pronounced roughly like ruh-SOO

Without the cedilla, cu would normally sound with a hard k sound, which would be wrong here.

S'il vous plaît is the standard polite way to say please.

Literally, it comes from:

• si = if
• il = it
• vous plaît = pleases you

So the literal idea is something like:

• if it pleases you

But in normal usage, you should just think of it as please.

Because the speaker is using vous, the polite matching form is:

• s'il vous plaît

With tu, it would be:

• s'il te plaît

No, it is not grammatically necessary, but it adds politeness and makes it clear the speaker is addressing a woman directly.

So both are possible:

• Madame, pouvez-vous me donner un reçu, s'il vous plaît ?
• Pouvez-vous me donner un reçu, s'il vous plaît ?

Using Madame is especially natural in a shop, hotel, office, or other formal situation.

Also notice the comma:

• Madame, ... This is because Madame is a form of direct address.

Yes. That is completely correct.

These are all possible:

• Pouvez-vous me donner un reçu, s'il vous plaît ?
  Formal, standard, slightly more polished

• Est-ce que vous pouvez me donner un reçu, s'il vous plaît ?
  Very common spoken and written question form

• Vous pouvez me donner un reçu, s'il vous plaît ?
  Common in speech, more conversational

All three mean essentially the same thing. The version in your sentence is simply a very polite and natural choice.

A rough pronunciation guide for an English speaker would be:

ma-DAM, poo-vay VOO muh doh-NAY uh(n) ray-SOO, seel voo PLEH?

A few notes:

• Madame: the final e is not strongly pronounced
• pouvez-vous: the z in pouvez links smoothly into vous
• me often sounds more like muh
• un has a nasal vowel, which does not exist in English
• reçu ends with -çu, sounding like soo
• plaît sounds like pleh

You do not need a perfect accent at first; getting the rhythm and politeness right matters most.