امي راحت عالشغل بالباص لانه محطة الباص قريبة من البيت.

It is Levantine colloquial Arabic, not formal Modern Standard Arabic.

A few clues:

• راحت instead of a more formal ذهبت
• عالشغل instead of إلى العمل
• casual spelling like لانه instead of لأنه

A formal MSA version would be something like:

ذهبت أمي إلى العمل بالحافلة لأن محطة الحافلة قريبة من البيت

So this sentence sounds like everyday speech from the Levant.

امي means my mother.

It comes from:

• أم = mother
• ـي = my

So أمي literally means my mother.

In informal typing, people often leave out the hamza, so:

• أمي and امي are both common in casual writing

In Levantine, it is often pronounced roughly immi.

راحت is the past tense of راح = to go.

Here it is feminine singular, because the subject is أمي and mother is feminine.

So:

• راح = he went
• راحت = she went

That ـت ending is what tells you it is she went.

عالشغل is a shortened spoken form of على الشغل.

It is basically:

• عَ / على = to, on, onto
• الشغل = the work, work, job

In Levantine, على is very often reduced in speech to عَ, and when it comes before الـ, it gets written as عالـ.

So:

• على الشغل → عالشغل

In natural English, راحت عالشغل means she went to work.

Also, شغل is the normal everyday Levantine word for work/job. In formal Arabic, you are more likely to see عمل.

In Levantine, على is often used with destinations where English would use to.

This is very common with routine places:

• عالبيت = home / to the house
• عالجامعة = to the university
• عالسوق = to the market
• عالشغل = to work

So this is not a word-for-word match with English. It is just the natural Levantine way to express movement toward certain places.

بالباص means by bus.

It contains:

• بـ = by, with, in
• الباص = the bus

With transportation, بـ often gives the meaning by:

• بالسيارة = by car
• بالتاكسي = by taxi
• بالباص = by bus

So although it literally looks a bit like in the bus, the normal meaning here is by bus.

Also, باص is a common borrowed word in spoken Arabic.

لانه means because.

In more careful spelling, it is usually written لأنه. In Levantine writing, you may also see:

• لأنو
• لانو

Pronunciation varies by region, but something like laʾanno is very common.

So:

• لانه محطة الباص قريبة من البيت = because the bus station is near the house/home

Informal Arabic writing often drops hamzas, so لانه is very normal in texting and casual writing.

Because in Arabic, the verb to be is usually not said in the present tense.

So:

• محطة الباص قريبة من البيت literally looks like
• the bus station near from the house

But it means:

• The bus station is near the house/home

This is completely normal Arabic grammar.

If you wanted the past, you would use كان:

• كانت محطة الباص قريبة من البيت = The bus station was near the house

Because it describes محطة, and محطة is feminine.

In Arabic, adjectives agree with the noun they describe.

So:

• محطة = feminine
• قريبة = feminine form of near

If the noun were masculine, you would use:

• قريب

Important point: the adjective agrees with محطة, not with الباص.

So:

• محطة الباص قريبة means
• the bus station is near

This is an iḍāfa structure, often called a construct phrase.

It literally means:

• station of the bus

But in natural English, that becomes:

• the bus station

A few key things about iḍāfa:

• The first noun usually does not take الـ
• The whole phrase becomes definite if the second noun is definite

So:

• محطة باص = a bus station
• محطة الباص = the bus station

Then the adjective comes after the whole phrase:

• محطة الباص قريبة

Because البيت often means home in Arabic, not just the house.

So:

• من البيت can mean from home
• عالبيت can mean homeward / to the house
• بالبيت can mean at home

Using الـ here is very natural. Arabic often treats home as the house.

Yes.

This sentence starts with the subject:

• أمي راحت...

But Arabic could also say:

• راحت أمي...

Both are possible.

Starting with أمي makes my mother the topic, which is very natural in conversation. Levantine often allows flexible word order depending on emphasis and flow.

One reasonable approximation is:

immi rāḥet ʿa sh-shughl bil-bāṣ laʾanno maḥaṭṭet il-bāṣ ʾarībe min il-bēt

A few notes:

• أمي often sounds like immi
• عالشغل is roughly ʿa sh-shughl
• قريبة may sound like ʾarībe in some urban accents, but qarībe in others

So pronunciation will vary a bit across Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine, but that version is a good general Levantine guide.