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Croatian

### Aspect in Commands

In Croatian, verbal aspect plays a key role when giving commands. As a rule of thumb:
- **Positive commands** (telling someone to do something) typically use a **perfective** verb to focus on the completed result.
- **Negative commands** (telling someone *not* to do something) require an **imperfective** verb to forbid the action entirely.

### Forming Negative Commands

There are two common ways to form a negative command. Both methods use an imperfective verb:
1. **ne** + imperative
2. **nemoj**, **nemojmo**, or **nemojte** + infinitive

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### Contrasting Aspects

When giving a sequence of instructions, you will frequently mix aspects depending on whether the command is positive or negative. Notice how positive commands use perfective forms, while negative commands switch to imperfective forms.

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This aspect rule applies even when you are instructing someone about the exact same action. The positive command takes the perfective pair, and the negative command takes the imperfective pair.

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Aspect in commands

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Question	Answer
to open (imperfective)	otvarati
Do not open that door!	Ne otvaraj ta vrata!
to close (imperfective)	zatvarati
Do not open the windows and do not close the door!	Nemojte otvarati prozore i nemojte zatvarati vrata!
Gentlemen, never close this restaurant!	Gospodo, nikada ne zatvarajte ovaj restoran!
to turn on (imperfective)	paliti
Do not turn on the light in the room!	Ne palite svjetlo u sobi!
Turn off the television, but do not turn on the computer!	Ugasite televizor, ali nemojte paliti računalo!
to turn off (imperfective)	gasiti
It is cold, do not turn off the heating!	Hladno je, ne gasi grijanje!
Close the window and do not turn off the television!	Zatvori prozor i ne gasi televizor!
to give (imperfective)	davati
Do not give it to him!	Nemoj mu ga davati!
Do not give bad advice to friends.	Prijateljima nemoj davati loše savjete.
to take (imperfective)	uzimati
Give me that, do not take my things!	Dajte mi to, ne uzimajte moje stvari!
Do not take those books from the office!	Ne uzimaj te knjige iz ureda!
to take off (imperfective)	skidati
Put the bag here, but do not take off your jacket.	Stavite torbu ovdje, ali ne skidajte jaknu.
Do not take off your coat, it is cold here!	Ne skidaj kaput, ovdje je hladno!
to put (imperfective)	stavljati
Do not put dirty shoes on the bed!	Nemojte stavljati prljave cipele na krevet!
Do not put sugar in my tea!	Ne stavljaj šećer u moj čaj!
to promise (imperfective)	obećavati
Do not promise me things, just do it!	Nemoj mi obećavati stvari, samo to napravi!
Never promise people too much!	Ljudima nikada ne obećavaj previše!
to forget (imperfective)	zaboravljati
Forget the problem, but do not forget the rule!	Zaboravite problem, ali ne zaboravljajte pravilo!
Do not forget our old friends!	Ne zaboravljaj naše stare prijatelje!
to answer (a question, imperfective)	odgovarati
Answer me immediately, do not answer tomorrow!	Odgovori mi odmah, ne odgovaraj sutra!
Do not answer those questions!	Ne odgovarajte na ta pitanja!
to stay (imperfective)	ostajati
Do not stay outside, it is raining!	Nemojte ostajati vani, pada kiša!
Do not stay there late, come home early!	Ne ostaj tamo kasno, dođi kući rano!