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### The Vocative Case

When speaking directly to someone—like getting their attention or starting a letter—use the **vocative case**. Noun endings change based on the word's gender and final letters.

### Masculine Nouns (-e and -u)

Most masculine nouns take the ending **-e**.

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Formal adjectives like **poštovani** (respected) match the gender of the person you are addressing.

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Masculine nouns ending in a palatal consonant (like **j**, **lj**, **nj**, **č**, **ć**, **š**, or **ž**) take **-u**. For example, **prijatelj** (friend) becomes **prijatelju**.

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### Feminine Nouns (-o and -e)

For most feminine nouns, the final **-a** changes to **-o**. For example, **kuma** (godmother) becomes **kumo**.

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Feminine nouns ending in **-ica** (often professions) change to **-ice**. For example, **konobarica** becomes **konobarice** and **doktorica** becomes **doktorice**.

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Feminine titles can be paired with the respectful adjective **poštovana**. Nouns like **gospođa** (madam) follow the standard rule and become **gospođo**.

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### Terms of Endearment

The vocative is frequently used with terms of endearment and the possessive adjective **moj/moja** (my).

Watch out for slight stem changes. The masculine noun **anđeo** (angel) drops its final vowel to become **anđele**.

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Feminine terms of endearment like **sreća** (happiness/dear) and **duša** (soul/darling) follow the standard rule, changing **-a** to **-o**.

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Addressing people directly (-e, -u, -o)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Question	Answer
doctor (m)	doktor
Doctor, can you help me?	Doktore, možete li mi pomoći?
respected	poštovan
doctor (f)	doktorica
Respected doctor, here is the report.	Poštovana doktorice, izvolite izvještaj.
Doctor, what will I do without you?	Doktorice, što ću učiniti bez vas?
Respected doctor, you must wait before the meeting.	Poštovani doktore, morate čekati prije sastanka.
angel	anđeo
My angel, I will always love you.	Anđele moj, uvijek ću te voljeti.
Thank you, angel, for the beautiful gift.	Hvala ti, anđele, za lijep poklon.
luck	sreća
Good morning, my dear!	Dobro jutro, srećo moja!
My dear, where are you now?	Srećo moja, gdje si sada?
soul	duša
My darling, are you tired after work?	Dušo moja, jesi li umorna poslije posla?
My darling, I will buy you a new car.	Dušo moja, kupit ću ti nov auto.
godfather	kum
Godfather, we will toast to the success!	Kume, nazdravit ćemo za uspjeh!
Godfather, can you give me the key?	Kume, možeš li mi dati ključ?
godmother	kuma
Godmother, this cake is delicious.	Kumo, ova torta je ukusna.
Dear godmother, we will see you tomorrow.	Draga kumo, vidjet ćemo te sutra.
repairman / master craftsman	majstor
Repairman, can you fix this television?	Majstore, možete li popraviti ovaj televizor?
Repairman, everything is ready for the project.	Majstore, sve je spremno za projekt.
waitress	konobarica
Waitress, please, one cold beer.	Konobarice, molim vas, jedno hladno pivo.
Waitress, can we pay the bill?	Konobarice, možemo li platiti račun?
My friend, I am always here for you.	Prijatelju, uvijek sam ovdje za tebe.
Respected madam, here is your passport.	Poštovana gospođo, izvolite vašu putovnicu.
god	bog
God, how beautiful it is here!	Bože, kako je lijepo ovdje!
I believe in God.	Vjerujem u Boga.

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