The Seasons and Talking About Weather

"What's the weather like?" feels like beginner small talk, but in Ukrainian the seasons-and-weather domain quietly drills three real grammar systems at once. First, "in spring / in summer / in autumn / in winter" are not preposition-plus-noun phrases — they're single frozen adverbs (навесні́, влі́тку, восени́, взи́мку), each with a near-synonym from an old instrumental (весно́ю, лі́том, о́сінню, зимо́ю). Second, weather is impersonal: there's no dummy "it." You either name the real subject (Йде дощ — "rain goes") or use a subjectless predicative adverb (со́нячно). Third, temperature counting fires the genitive plural (де́сять гра́дусів). This page builds out the four seasons, the weather verbs, the impersonal "it got colder" forms, and seasonal activities — pointing at the grammar each time.

The four seasons

The four seasons are feminine and neuter nouns you'll use constantly:

SeasonNoun (nominative)"in [season]" — adverbs
Springвесна́навесні́ / весно́ю
Summerлі́товлі́тку / лі́том
Autumnо́сіньвосени́ / о́сінню
Winterзима́взи́мку / зимо́ю

Моя́ улю́блена пора́ ро́ку — о́сінь, коли́ ли́стя жо́вте.

My favourite season is autumn, when the leaves are yellow. (пора́ ро́ку 'season', lit. 'time of year'; о́сінь is the bare noun.)

У нас чоти́ри пори́ ро́ку, і ко́жна по-сво́єму га́рна.

We have four seasons, and each is beautiful in its own way. (чоти́ри пори́ ро́ку — пори́ is the genitive after чоти́ри.)

"In spring / summer / autumn / winter" — frozen adverbs

Here is the point English speakers most often miss. "In summer" is not "у лі́ті" — it's the single adverb влі́тку. Each season has two such "when" adverbs, and both are standard:

  • the на-/в-/вз- adverb: навесні́, влі́тку, восени́, взи́мку — the most common in everyday speech;
  • the instrumental-derived adverb: весно́ю, лі́том, о́сінню, зимо́ю — equally correct, slightly more literary in flavour, and the form you'll meet in poetry and song.

Навесні́ все розкві́тає, і так хо́четься гуля́ти.

In spring everything blossoms, and you so want to go for walks. (Навесні́ — the frozen 'in spring' adverb; there's no preposition and no case ending to choose.)

Влі́тку ми за́вжди ї́здимо до ба́бусі на село́.

In summer we always go to grandma's in the village. (Влі́тку 'in summer' — one word, not ’у лі́ті’.)

Восени́ ра́но темні́є, а взи́мку — ще ра́ніше.

In autumn it gets dark early, and in winter — even earlier. (Восени́, взи́мку — two frozen season-adverbs; темні́є is impersonal.)

Зимо́ю Карпа́ти прекра́сні — сніг лежи́ть аж до бере́зня.

In winter the Carpathians are gorgeous — snow lies until March. (Зимо́ю — the instrumental-style 'in winter', interchangeable with взи́мку.)

💡
Don't build "in [season]" with a preposition. Use the ready-made adverbs: навесні́, влі́тку, восени́, взи́мку (or their twins весно́ю, лі́том, о́сінню, зимо́ю). They're closed, memorise-them-whole forms — there's nothing to decline. These belong with the wider family of time adverbs.

Weather is impersonal — no "it"

English weather needs a fake subject: "it is raining." Ukrainian does not. Two impersonal shapes cover almost everything:

  1. A real noun-subject + verb, where the meteorological noun is the subject: Йде дощ (lit. "rain goes"), Сві́тить со́нце ("the sun shines"), Дме ві́тер ("the wind blows").
  2. A bare predicative adverb, no subject at all: со́нячно, хма́рно, ві́тряно.
UkrainianEnglishType
Йде дощ. / Дощи́ть.It's raining.noun-subject / verb
Йде сніг. / Сніжи́ть.It's snowing.noun-subject / verb
Сві́тить со́нце.The sun is shining.noun-subject
Дме ві́тер.The wind is blowing.noun-subject
Со́нячно / Хма́рно / Ві́тряно.It's sunny / cloudy / windy.predicative adverb
Ту́ман. / Тума́нно.There's fog. / It's foggy.bare noun / adverb

Сього́дні сві́тить со́нце, але́ дме холо́дний ві́тер.

The sun's out today, but a cold wind is blowing. (со́нце and ві́тер are the real subjects — there's no 'it' anywhere.)

Зра́нку йшов дощ, а тепе́р прояснилося.

It was raining this morning, but now it's cleared up. (йшов дощ — 'rain went', past; прояснилося — impersonal 'it cleared up'.)

На ву́лиці хма́рно й тума́нно — нічо́го не ви́дно.

It's cloudy and foggy outside — you can't see a thing. (хма́рно, тума́нно — subjectless predicative adverbs.)

💡
There is no Ukrainian word for the "it" in "it's raining." Either name the real subject (Йде дощ — rain is the subject) or use a subjectless adverb (Со́нячно). A pronoun (✗ Воно́ дощи́ть) is ungrammatical — this is the impersonal sentence at work.

"It got colder" — impersonal change-of-state verbs

A whole family of perfective verbs describes the weather changing, all neuter-singular and subjectless. These are the forms a weather report leans on:

UkrainianEnglish
Похолода́ло.It got colder.
Поте́пліло.It got warmer.
Розви́дніло. / Розпого́дилося.It cleared up (skies brightened).
Замело́. / Завія́ло.It snowed over / a blizzard set in.
Підморо́зило.It got a bit frosty / froze over slightly.

За ніч си́льно похолода́ло, ра́нком був і́ней.

It got much colder overnight, there was frost in the morning. (похолода́ло — impersonal, neuter past, no subject; 'it' is built in.)

На́решті поте́пліло — мо́жна без ку́ртки.

It's finally warmed up — you can go without a jacket. (поте́пліло — 'it got warmer'; one word does the whole job.)

These change-of-state verbs are subjectless in exactly the same way as Похолода́ло, and they pair naturally with the season-adverbs: Восени́ часто холода́є ("in autumn it often gets cold").

Temperature — and the genitive plural

Temperature uses плюс / мі́нус plus the number plus гра́дусів. The catch is the count noun: any number from five up (and 11–14) takes the genitive pluralгра́дусів, not гра́дуси. Ukrainian also distinguishes degrees above zero (гра́дусів тепла́, "of warmth") from below (гра́дусів моро́зу, "of frost").

UkrainianEnglishCount form
оди́н гра́дусone degreeгра́дус (after 1)
два / три / чоти́ри гра́дуси2 / 3 / 4 degreesгра́дуси (after 2–4)
п’ять / де́сять гра́дусів5 / 10 degreesгра́дусів (after 5+)
плюс п’ятна́дцять / мі́нус де́сятьplus fifteen / minus ten

Скі́льки сього́дні гра́дусів? — Мі́нус де́сять, одяга́йся тепло.

What's the temperature today? 'Minus ten, dress warmly.' (гра́дусів — genitive plural after де́сять; the count form is obligatory.)

Влі́тку тут бува́є за три́дцять гра́дусів тепла́.

In summer it can be over thirty degrees here. (гра́дусів тепла́ — 'degrees of warmth', i.e. above zero; genitive plural.)

The number-driven case shift here is the same one you meet across the language — see the genitive after numbers.

Seasonal activities

Tie the vocabulary together by saying what each season is for:

Влі́тку ми ї́здимо на мо́ре й купа́ємося, а взи́мку ката́ємося на ли́жах.

In summer we go to the sea and swim, and in winter we go skiing. (frozen adverbs влі́тку / взи́мку framing seasonal activities.)

Восени́ га́рно збира́ти гриби́ в лі́сі, поки́ не похолода́ло.

In autumn it's nice to pick mushrooms in the forest, before it gets cold. (Восени́ + the impersonal похолода́ло in one sentence.)

Source-language comparison

For an English speaker, three habits have to change. (1) "In spring/summer/autumn/winter" is a single adverb — навесні́, влі́тку, восени́, взи́мку — not "in + season"; there's nothing to decline. (2) Weather is impersonal — drop the dummy "it" and either name the subject (Йде дощ) or use a bare adverb (Со́нячно, Похолода́ло). (3) Counting degrees triggers the genitive plural (де́сять гра́дусів), with тепла́/моро́зу marking above/below zero.

For a Russian speaker, keep the Ukrainian forms: навесні́ / влі́тку / восени́ / взи́мку, Йде дощ / Йде сніг, похолода́ло / поте́пліло, and remember it's в Украї́ні. Watch the spellings — о́сінь (not "осень"), гра́дусів, пора́ ро́ку.

Common Mistakes

❌ У лі́ті ми ї́здимо на мо́ре. (building 'in summer' with a preposition + locative)

Incorrect — 'in summer' is a single adverb: Влі́тку ми ї́здимо на мо́ре.

✅ Влі́тку ми ї́здимо на мо́ре.

In summer we go to the sea — frozen adverb влі́тку.

❌ Воно́ дощи́ть. (adding a dummy 'it' subject)

Incorrect — weather is impersonal, no pronoun: Дощи́ть. or Йде дощ.

✅ Йде дощ.

It's raining — дощ is the real subject; no 'it'.

❌ Це похолода́ло вночі́. (using це as a subject)

Incorrect — change-of-state weather verbs are subjectless: Уночі́ похолода́ло.

✅ Уночі́ похолода́ло.

It got colder overnight — impersonal, no subject.

❌ де́сять гра́дуси (nominative plural after a high number)

Incorrect — numbers from five up take the genitive plural: де́сять гра́дусів.

✅ де́сять гра́дусів

ten degrees — genitive plural after the number.

Key Takeaways

  • The seasons: весна́, лі́то, о́сінь, зима́; "in [season]" = the frozen adverbs навесні́, влі́тку, восени́, взи́мку (or весно́ю, лі́том, о́сінню, зимо́ю).
  • Weather is impersonal: name the subject (Йде дощ, Сві́тить со́нце, Дме ві́тер) or use a predicative adverb (Со́нячно, Хма́рно, Ві́тряно) — never a dummy "it."
  • Change of state is subjectless: Похолода́ло, Поте́пліло, Розпого́дилося.
  • Temperature: плюс / мі́нус … гра́дусів — genitive plural from five up, with тепла́/моро́зу for above/below zero.
  • The thread: this domain drills frozen adverbs, impersonal syntax, and the genitive-plural of counting.

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Related Topics

  • Weather and Small TalkB1Ukrainian weather talk and conversational filler — and why it's grammatically impersonal. 'It's raining' is Іде́ дощ (lit. 'rain goes', дощ the subject) or Дощи́ть; 'it's cold' is Хо́лодно (a predicative adverb with no 'it'). Sunny/cloudy/windy: Со́нячно / Хма́рно / Ві́тряно; Те́пло / Спе́котно / Моро́зно; temperature: Скі́льки гра́дусів? / +10 гра́дусів. Small talk: Як спра́ви? / Як ся ма́єте? 'how are you?', Що ново́го? 'what's new?', answered with adverbs Все до́бре / Непога́но / Поти́хеньку. Filler: не зважа́йте 'never mind'. The insight English speakers miss: weather is IMPERSONAL — no dummy 'it' — and 'how are you?' is answered with adverbs (до́бре, непога́но), so small talk runs on subjectless, predicative-adverb patterns.
  • Days, Months, and SeasonsA1The Ukrainian calendar and the grammar baked into it. Weekdays (понеді́лок, вівто́рок, середа́, четве́р, п’я́тниця, субо́та, неді́ля = SUNDAY, not 'week'!) and months (сі́чень, лю́тий, бе́резень, кві́тень, тра́вень, че́рвень, ли́пень, се́рпень, ве́ресень, жо́втень, листопа́д, гру́день) are all LOWERCASE, and the month names are native nature-words (листопа́д 'leaf-fall' = November). 'On Monday' is у/в + accusative (у понеді́лок); recurring 'on Mondays' is по + dative/locative plural (по понеді́лках); 'in January' is у + locative (у сі́чні). The four seasons — весна́, лі́то, о́сінь, зима́ — have dedicated adverbs навесні́, влі́тку, восени́, взи́мку.
  • Adverbs of Time and FrequencyA2When and how often — the everyday set: за́раз/тепе́р 'now', по́тім 'then', вчо́ра/сього́дні/за́втра, plus the parts-of-day and season adverbs that are really frozen case-forms (вра́нці, уночі́, влі́тку, восени́), and the frequency scale за́вжди → ча́сто → і́нколи → рі́дко → ніко́ли. Two things English speakers miss: 'every day/week' is a single що- word (щодня́, щоти́жня), and ніко́ли 'never' forces double negation (Я ніко́ли не…).
  • Genitive After Numbers and QuantityB1When numbers and quantity words trigger the genitive — numbers 5+ (and any number ending in 5–9 or 0) take the genitive PLURAL (п’ять столі́в, де́сять книг, сто гри́вень, два́дцять ро́ків), as do quantity words бага́то, ма́ло, кі́лька, скі́льки, тро́хи; fractions and полови́на/чверть take the genitive singular (полови́на я́блука) — all contrasted with the 2/3/4 rule that takes nominative plural, plus the suppletive рік→ро́ків and люди́на→люде́й you must drill as fixed combinations.
  • Impersonal and Subjectless SentencesB1The syntax of sentences with NO nominative subject — where English supplies a dummy 'it/they/you/one', Ukrainian drops the subject entirely and the logical argument (if any) surfaces as a dative or accusative: Темні́є, Ка́жуть, Тре́ба йти, Мені́ хо́лодно, Що роби́ти?
  • Instrumental of Time, Manner, and RouteB2Beyond means, the bare instrumental works as an adverb: it says WHEN (ра́нком, ве́чором, ні́ччю; весно́ю, лі́том — alongside the adverbs навесні́, влі́тку), HOW (швидки́ми кро́ками, го́лосом), and ROUTE (іти́ лі́сом, доро́гою, спуска́тися схо́дами) — so 'I walk through the park' is Я йду па́рком with no preposition where English needs 'through'.