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### Finding the Verb Root

In the previous lesson, you learned that Turkish verbs in their dictionary form end with the infinitive suffix **-mak** or **-mek**.

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To use a verb in a sentence, you almost always need its root. Find it by simply dropping the **-mak** or **-mek** suffix. For example, dropping **-mek** from **gitmek** leaves the root **git**.

### Informal Commands

In English, we give commands using the base verb (like "Go!"). Turkish does the same thing: the bare verb root *is* the command form.

Use this bare root for direct commands to someone you address informally (a friend, family member, or child). Adverbs like "now" or "quickly" go right before the verb.

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### Adding "Please"

Even when speaking informally, a bare command can sound abrupt. Soften your request by adding **lütfen** (please), typically at the beginning of the sentence.

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### Objects and Locations

Because verbs always come at the very end of a Turkish sentence, any objects or locations must come *before* the command.

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Informal commands (git, gel)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
to go	gitmek
Go now.	Şimdi git.
please	lütfen
Please sit.	Lütfen otur.
quick, quickly	çabuk
to come	gelmek
Come quickly.	Çabuk gel.
Please come.	Lütfen gel.
to take, to buy	almak
Buy three apples.	Üç tane elma al.
Buy water and bread.	Su ve ekmek al.
to stop, to stand	durmak
Stop here.	Burada dur.
Please stop there.	Lütfen orada dur.
to wait	beklemek
Wait at the bank.	Bankada bekle.
Wait in the park.	Parkta bekle.
to begin, to start	başlamak
Begin now.	Şimdi başla.
Work hard.	Çok çalış.
to stay / to be left / to remain (in a state)	kalmak
Stay at the hotel.	Otelde kal.
Stay at home.	Evde kal.
slow, slowly	yavaş
Please speak slowly.	Lütfen yavaş konuş.
Read a book.	Kitap oku.
Eat slowly.	Yavaş ye.
Drink tea.	Çay iç.
Go quickly and start.	Çabuk git ve başla.
You come too!	Sen de gel!