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Portuguese (Portugal)

### The second "to be": estar

In Portuguese, there are two different verbs that mean "to be". You will use **estar** to describe temporary states (like how you feel right now) and current locations (where something is).

| Pronoun | Form |
|---|---|
| eu | **estou** |
| tu | **estás** |
| ele / ela / você | **está** |
| nós | **estamos** |
| eles / elas / vocês | **estão** |

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### Asking and giving locations

Because **estar** handles locations, it is the perfect verb for asking **onde** (where) someone or something is. To say that someone is "in", "on", or "at" a place, use the preposition **em**. You will use the standalone word **em** before cities and places that do not take a definite article.

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### Combining "em" with "the"

Very often, a location is preceded by "the" (the definite articles **o**, **a**, **os**, **as**). When this happens, **em** merges directly with the article to form a new, small word.

| | Masculine | Feminine |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | em + o = **no** | em + a = **na** |
| Plural | em + os = **nos** | em + as = **nas** |

These contractions are required and appear everywhere, including common places like "at work" (**no trabalho**), "at school" (**na escola**), or "in the bedroom" (**no quarto**).

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The verb to be for locations (estar)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
to be (temporary / location)	estar
well / fine	bem
Hello, I am fine.	Olá, estou bem.
now	agora
Are you well now?	Estás bem agora?
tired	cansado
The father is very tired.	O pai está muito cansado.
We are not tired now.	Não estamos cansados agora.
where	onde
Where is the dog?	Onde está o cão?
in / on / at	em
The doctor is in Lisbon.	O médico está em Lisboa.
They are in London.	Eles estão em Londres.
in the / on the / at the (m, f, pl forms: na, nos, nas)	no
the work / the job	o trabalho
Is the mother at work?	A mãe está no trabalho?
Are you tired at work?	Vocês estão cansados no trabalho?
the school	a escola
The students are at school.	Os alunos estão na escola.
The teacher is also at school.	O professor também está na escola.
the bedroom / the room	o quarto
I am in the bedroom.	Estou no quarto.
The key is not in the bedroom.	A chave não está no quarto.
Where are the books?	Onde estão os livros?