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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Cumulative Actions up to the Present

To express an action gradually accumulating up to the present moment, Portuguese uses **ter vindo a** followed by an infinitive. This translates naturally to "has been [verb]-ing" in English and is especially useful for describing ongoing trends.

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### Using the Subjunctive

Phrases expressing emotion or opinion, like **É triste que** (It is sad that) or **É bom que** (It is good that), trigger the subjunctive mood. In this case, conjugate **ter** in the present subjunctive (e.g., **tenha** or **tenham**).

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### Discussing Economic Trends

Verbs like **encarecer** (to get more expensive) inherently express a process of change, pairing perfectly with this cumulative structure to discuss the cost of living and economic trends.

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### Reflexive Verbs and Negation

With reflexive verbs like **agravar-se** (to worsen), the pronoun typically attaches to the end of the infinitive in affirmative sentences.

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However, negative words like **não** pull the pronoun to the front, placing it immediately before the conjugated verb **ter**.

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Cumulative action up to the present (ter vindo a)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
the inflation	a inflação
Inflation has been increasing more and more.	A inflação tem vindo a aumentar cada vez mais.
It is sad that inflation has been destroying the economy.	É triste que a inflação tenha vindo a destruir a economia.
the cost	o custo
The cost of bread has been going up every month.	O custo do pão tem vindo a subir todos os meses.
to get more expensive	encarecer
Housing has been getting more expensive.	A habitação tem vindo a encarecer.
the percentage	a percentagem
The percentage of taxes has been growing this year.	A percentagem de impostos tem vindo a crescer este ano.
the consumer	o consumidor
The consumer has been paying an absurd percentage.	O consumidor tem vindo a pagar uma percentagem absurda.
to worsen	agravar-se
The crisis has been worsening more and more.	A crise tem vindo a agravar-se cada vez mais.
The problem has not been worsening.	O problema não se tem vindo a agravar.
the good	o bem
The consumer has been buying fewer and fewer goods.	O consumidor tem vindo a comprar cada vez menos bens.
Consumers have been complaining about the price.	Os consumidores têm vindo a queixar-se do preço.
the power	o poder
We have been losing the power to change this.	Nós temos vindo a perder o poder de mudar isto.
the indicator	o indicador
This indicator has been going down.	Este indicador tem vindo a descer.
The indicators have been showing the truth.	Os indicadores têm vindo a mostrar a verdade.
to decrease	diminuir
My salary has been decreasing.	O meu salário tem vindo a diminuir.
It is good that poverty has been decreasing.	É bom que a pobreza tenha vindo a diminuir.
The price of each good has been increasing.	O preço de cada bem tem vindo a aumentar.
They have been exporting more goods.	Eles têm vindo a exportar mais bens.
Milk and meat have been getting more expensive.	O leite e a carne têm vindo a encarecer.
Everything has been getting more expensive in the supermarket.	Tudo tem vindo a encarecer no supermercado.
The cost has been increasing and the power has been decreasing.	O custo tem vindo a aumentar e o poder tem vindo a diminuir.

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