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### Asking 'Whose?'

To ask who something belongs to, Polish uses the word for 'whose'. This word changes depending on the gender of the object being owned:

- **czyj** (masculine objects)
- **czyja** (feminine objects)
- **czyje** (neuter objects)

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### Expressing Ownership (The Genitive Case)

In English, we use an apostrophe 's' (the boss's computer) or the word 'of' (an employee of the company) to show possession. Polish expresses this by putting the owner in the **Genitive case**. 

When indicating ownership, the word order is usually the object first, followed by the owner: **komputer** (computer) + **szefa** (of the boss).

#### Masculine Owners

For masculine nouns referring to people, form the Genitive case by adding **-a** to the end of the word. If there is an adjective describing the owner, add **-ego** to the adjective.

| Nominative (Dictionary form) | Genitive (Possessive form) |
|---|---|
| szef (boss) | szefa |
| dyrektor (director) | dyrektora |
| nowy pracownik (new employee) | nowego pracownika |

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#### Feminine Owners

For most feminine nouns ending in **-a**, form the Genitive case by changing the **-a** to a **-y** (or **-i** after certain consonants). Feminine adjectives describing the owner take the ending **-ej**. 

*Note: The noun **szefowa** (female boss) actually follows the adjective pattern, changing to **szefowej**.*

| Nominative (Dictionary form) | Genitive (Possessive form) |
|---|---|
| firma (company) | firmy |
| nasza (our) | naszej |
| szefowa (female boss) | szefowej |

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Genitive of possession

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

predicative

preposition

pronoun

proper noun

sentence

verb

This is (to jest)

The verb to be, singular (być)

Formal address (Pan, Pani)

Demonstrative pronouns (ten, ta, to)

Adjective agreement

Negation (nie)

Basic questions (czy, kto, co, gdzie, jak)

The verb to be, plural (być)

Present tense -m/-sz verbs

Reflexive verbs (się)

Coordinating conjunctions (i, a, ale)

Feminine direct objects (Accusative)

Inanimate direct objects (Accusative)

Animate masculine direct objects (Accusative)

Present tense verbs 2 (-ę, -isz / -ysz)

Expressing location (w, na)

Locative adjective agreement

Professions and nationalities (Instrumental)

Accompaniment (z + Instrumental)

Present tense verbs 3 (-ę, -esz)

Plural possessives (nasz, wasz)

Numbers 1 to 10

Genitive of negation

Lack or absence (nie ma)

Basic quantifiers (dużo, mało, trochę)

Liking things (podoba mi się)

Modal verbs (móc, musieć)

Subordinating conjunctions (bo, że)

Unidirectional motion verbs (iść, jechać)

Expressing age (mieć... lat)

Habitual motion (chodzić, jeździć)

Expressing destination (do)

Days of the week (poniedziałek, wtorek...)

Plural nouns for objects and animals

Plural nouns for people

Plural adjective agreement

Accusative object pronouns (go, ją, je...)

The past tense of to be (był)

Singular past tense (-łem, -łam...)

Expressing age (mieć + lata / lat)

Plural past tense (-li / -ły)

Perfective past tense

Future tense (będę + infinitive)

Age: one year (mieć rok)

Prices and currency (złoty, grosz)

Destination (na + accusative)

Non-masculine plurals (-e, -y, -i)

Instrumental pronouns (ze mną, z tobą)

To know (znać vs wiedzieć)

The future perfective tense

The imperative mood

Months of the year (styczeń, luty)

Greetings and farewells (dzień dobry, cześć)

Introducing yourself (mam na imię)

Thank you and sorry (dziękuję, przepraszam)

Left, right, up and down (po lewej stronie)

Parts of the body (ręka, noga)

Parts of the day (dzień, noc, południe)

What is it like? (jaki, jaka, jakie)

Speaking Polish (mówić po polsku)

Instrumental for adjectives (dobrym, dobrą)

Please do... (proszę + infinitive)

Interests (interesować się + Instrumental)

Can one? (można, trzeba, nie wolno)

By bus or by train (jechać autobusem)

Where are you from? (jestem z Polski)

Where exactly? (obok, przy, przed, za, pod, nad)

What time is it? (Która godzina?)

Not seeing her (go, jej, ich; niego, niej, nich)

When I have time (kiedy as a conjunction)

Irregular past stems (miał, mieli)

The verb 'iść' in the past (szedł, szli)

Imperfective future (będę odpoczywał)

Past aspect (robił vs zrobił)

Future aspect (będzie malował vs pomaluje)

Perfective motion with po- (pójść, pojechać)

Arrival verbs with przy- (przyjść, przyjechać)

Departure verbs with wy- (wyjść, wyjechać)

The Vocative case (Panie, Mamo)

Plural possessives (moi, moje)

Reflexive possessive pronouns (swój)

Genitive plural of masculine nouns (-ów, -y, -i)

Genitive plural of feminine and neuter nouns

Genitive plural of adjectives (-ych, -ich)

Accusative plural of masculine personal nouns

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Question	Answer
whose	czyj
computer	komputer
Whose is this computer?	Czyj jest ten komputer?
boss (m)	szef
This is the boss's new computer.	To jest nowy komputer szefa.
desk	biurko
Whose is this desk?	Czyje jest to biurko?
employee	pracownik
This is the new employee's desk.	To jest biurko nowego pracownika.
document	dokument
boss (f)	szefowa
The female boss's document is on the desk.	Dokument szefowej jest na biurku.
project	projekt
company	firma
Is the company's new project there?	Czy tam jest nowy projekt firmy?
The company's project is very interesting.	Projekt firmy jest bardzo ciekawy.
director	dyrektor
Where is the director's car?	Gdzie jest samochód dyrektora?
The director's car is on the street.	Samochód dyrektora jest na ulicy.
Whose is this bag?	Czyja jest ta torba?
This is the female boss's bag.	To jest torba szefowej.
Where is the employee's document?	Gdzie jest dokument pracownika?
I have the director's old document.	Mam stary dokument dyrektora.
This is an employee of our company.	To jest pracownik naszej firmy.
Is this the boss's new project?	Czy to jest nowy projekt szefa?