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### Group 2 Verbs (-ir)

While Group 1 verbs end in **-ar** for most singular pronouns, Group 2 verbs use **-ir**. For a verb like **læra** (to study), apply these rules:

- **ég** takes an **-i** ending (*ég læri*).
- **þú**, **hann**, **hún**, and **það** take an **-ir** ending (*þú lærir*).
- Plural forms take the same endings you already know: **-um**, **-ið**, and **-a**.

| Pronoun | *læra* (to study) |
|---|---|
| ég | læri |
| þú | lærir |
| hann / hún / það | lærir |
| við | lærum |
| þið | lærið |
| þeir / þær / þau | læra |

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### Group 3 Verbs (-ur)

Group 3 verbs take an **-ur** ending for **þú**, **hann**, **hún**, and **það**. The **ég** form usually has no ending at all—just the verb stem. Plural endings remain the same.

However, many of these verbs have slight stem changes in the singular forms:

**1. Dropping the "j"**
Verbs ending in **-ja**, like **skilja** (to understand) and **sitja** (to sit), drop the **j** in the singular forms but keep it in the plural.
- *ég skil*, *þú skilur*
- *við skiljum*

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**2. The Vowel Shift (o to e)**
Some verbs, like **sofa** (to sleep) and **koma** (to come), change the **o** in their stem to an **e** in the singular. The plural forms keep the original **o**.
- *ég sef*, *hann sefur*
- *við sofum*

| Pronoun | *koma* (to come) | *sofa* (to sleep) |
|---|---|---|
| ég | kem | sef |
| þú | kemur | sefur |
| hann / hún / það | kemur | sefur |
| við | komum | sofum |
| þið | komið | sofið |
| þeir / þær / þau | koma | sofa |

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### Adverbs and More Practice

To say "sometimes," use the word **stundum**. Just like *alltaf* (always), it usually comes immediately after the verb in a simple sentence.

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Finally, let's look at one more Group 2 (-ir) verb: **kaupa** (to buy). It follows the exact same rules as *læra*.

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Group 2 and 3 verbs (-ir, -ur)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Presentative and the definite suffix (þetta er, -inn, -in, -ið)

Singular pronouns and to be (ég er, þú ert)

Singular adjective agreement

Yes/no questions (ert þú…?)

Basic negation (ekki)

Plural pronouns and to be (við erum, þeir eru)

Group 1 weak verbs (-ar)

Information questions (hvað, hver, hvar)

Expressing opinions (mér finnst, mér líkar)

Expressing desires (mig langar)

Numbers 1 to 10 (einn, tveir, þrír)

Direct objects on indefinite nouns

Direct objects on definite nouns

Singular object pronouns (mig, þig...)

Plural object pronouns (okkur, ykkur...)

Directional prepositions (um, í, á)

Verb-second word order

Expressing intentions (ætla að)

Needs and wants (þurfa, vilja)

Middle voice verbs (-st)

Possessive pronouns (minn, þinn)

Dative case with prepositions (í, á, frá)

Definite dative nouns (-num, -nni, -nu)

Dative personal pronouns (honum, henni, þeim)

Plural nouns (-ar, -ir, -ur)

Definite plural nouns (-nir, -nar, -in)

Accusative plural nouns

Number agreement 1 to 4 (einn, tveir…)

Singular commands

Past tense of the verb to be (var, vorum)

Present continuous (vera að)

Strong verbs in the present tense

Weather and dummy subjects (það)

Invariable possessive pronouns (hans, hennar, þeirra)

Accusative possessives (minn, þinn)

Accompaniment (með)

Dative plural (-um, -unum)

Compound sentences (og, en, eða)

"This" in the nominative (þessi, þessi, þetta)

"This" in the accusative (þennan, þessa, þetta)

Accusative adjectives (-an, -a, -t)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the accusative (einn, tvo, þrjá)

Third-person reflexive pronouns (sig, sér)

The preposition "to" with the genitive (til)

Subordinating conjunctions (að, af því að)

Simple past of weak verbs (-aði)

Question words (hvernig, hvaða)

Physical possession (vera með)

Abstract possession (hafa)

Telling time (hálf, korter)

Plural commands (-ið)

The simple past tense (-di, -ti, -ði)

Possessive noun endings (-s, -ar)

Days of the week (á mánudaginn, á mánudögum)

Kveðjur — greetings (halló, bless)

Um mig — where I am from

Kurteisi — please, sorry, congratulations

Ability and knowing how (kunna að)

Permission (mega)

Obligation (eiga að)

Plural strong verbs

Numbers 11 to 20 (ellefu, tólf...)

Counting by tens to 100 (þrjátíu, fjörutíu...)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 10th (fyrsti, annar...)

All / everything / everyone (allur)

The indefinite pronoun someone (einhver)

The indefinite pronoun no one (enginn)

Compound numbers from 21 (tuttugu og)

This in the dative singular (þessum, þessari, þessu)

These in the dative plural (þessum)

My and your in the dative (mínum, þínum)

Numbers 1 to 4 in the dative (einum, tveimur)

Adjectives in the dative singular (-um, -ri, -u)

Adjectives in the dative plural (-um)

Reflexive possessive in the accusative (sinn, sína, sitt)

Reflexive possessive in the dative (sínum, sinni)

Reflexive versus regular possessives (sinn, hans)

Demonstrative plural (þessir, þessar, þessi)

Definite genitive singular (-sins, -arinnar)

Indefinite genitive plural (-a)

Definite genitive plural (-anna)

Genitive prepositions (án, milli, vegna)

Prepositions of direction (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Prepositions of static location (yfir, undir, fyrir)

Weak adjectives in the nominative (-i, -a, -a)

Question	Answer
to study	læra
He is studying a lot now.	Hann lærir mikið núna.
We always study together.	Við lærum alltaf saman.
to understand	skilja
I do not understand it.	Ég skil það ekki.
Does the student understand it?	Skilur nemandinn það?
to sit	sitja
The teacher is sitting there.	Kennarinn situr þar.
Are you sitting inside?	Sitjið þið inni?
to sleep	sofa
The child is sleeping outside.	Barnið sefur úti.
Is the man sleeping inside?	Sefur maðurinn inni?
to come	koma
home	heim
The woman is coming home now.	Konan kemur heim núna.
Are they coming home?	Koma þau heim?
sometimes	stundum
We sometimes sleep very well.	Við sofum stundum mjög vel.
I sometimes study outside.	Ég læri stundum úti.
to buy	kaupa
the bread	brauðið
She is buying the bread.	Hún kaupir brauðið.
the coffee	kaffið
Do you always buy the coffee?	Kaupir þú alltaf kaffið?
We are just buying the coffee and the bread.	Við kaupum bara kaffið og brauðið.