Ojalá el próximo semestre tenga más clases de geografía y menos ecuaciones de física, aunque el laboratorio me guste cada vez más.

After ojalá, que is often optional.

So both of these are correct:

• Ojalá el próximo semestre tenga...
• Ojalá que el próximo semestre tenga...

They mean essentially the same thing. Leaving out que is very common and sounds natural.

Because ojalá normally introduces a wish, and wishes are usually followed by the subjunctive in Spanish.

So:

• tiene = indicative, plain statement of fact
• tenga = subjunctive, used here because the speaker is hoping for something

Spanish does not normally use the future tense after ojalá for this kind of idea. Even though the wish is about next semester, the normal choice is the present subjunctive: ojalá ... tenga.

Because tenga can be either:

• yo tenga = I have (subjunctive)
• él/ella/usted tenga = he/she/it has (subjunctive)

The subject here is el próximo semestre, so the meaning is that next semester has / includes.

Spanish often leaves subjects unstated, so learners have to identify them from context. In this sentence, el próximo semestre is clearly the subject of tenga.

Yes. Spanish, like English, can use a time period as the subject of a verb like tener to mean include, contain, or feature.

So que el próximo semestre tenga más clases de geografía is basically saying that next semester should have/include more geography classes.

This is completely natural Spanish.

Both are possible, but el próximo semestre is the normal, everyday way to say next semester.

With próximo before the noun, the meaning is very straightforward: the next one in time.

El semestre próximo is understandable, but it sounds a bit more formal or literary. For most learners, el próximo semestre is the pattern to remember.

Because the sentence is talking about things in a general, non-specific way:

• más clases de geografía = more geography classes
• menos ecuaciones de física = fewer physics equations

After quantity words like más and menos, Spanish often uses the noun without an article when the meaning is general.

If the speaker meant some specific already-known classes or equations, the structure would be different.

In Spanish, names of school subjects and academic fields are normally written in lowercase:

• geografía
• física
• historia
• matemáticas

English capitalizes them much more often, but Spanish usually does not, unless they are part of an official title, heading, or name of a course.

Because this is the normal way to name subjects or areas of study in Spanish.

• clases de geografía = geography classes
• ecuaciones de física = equations from physics / physics equations

If you used adjectives instead:

• clases geográficas would mean something more like geographical classes, which is not the intended idea.
• ecuaciones físicas would sound like physical equations, which is also not the normal meaning here.

So noun + de + subject area is the standard pattern.

Gustar does not work like English to like.

Spanish structures it more like:

• el laboratorio me gusta = the laboratory is pleasing to me
• literally: the laboratory pleases me

So in me guste:

• el laboratorio is the grammatical subject
• me means to me
• guste is the subjunctive form of gustar

That is why Spanish does not say something equivalent to yo gusto el laboratorio for I like the lab.

This is a very good question, because aunque can be followed by either indicative or subjunctive, depending on the nuance.

• aunque ... gusta presents it more clearly as a stated fact
• aunque ... guste presents it as a concession that the speaker is not emphasizing as the main point

In this sentence, the speaker’s main focus is the wish introduced by ojalá. The clause with aunque is just a side concession: even though / even if the lab is becoming more and more appealing to me.

So guste works well because it sounds more concessive and less central.
Yes, aunque el laboratorio me gusta cada vez más could also be possible if the speaker wanted to state that as a plain fact more directly.

It means more and more or increasingly.

So:

• el laboratorio me guste cada vez más = I like the lab more and more / the lab appeals to me more and more

This is a very common fixed expression:

• cada vez mejor = better and better
• cada vez peor = worse and worse
• cada vez más difícil = more and more difficult

Because the speaker is probably referring to the lab as a general component, subject, or activity, not to several separate labs.

Spanish often uses the singular for this kind of general reference:

• Me gusta el laboratorio = I like the lab / lab work / the laboratory part

If the speaker meant multiple separate lab sessions or different laboratories, then the plural might be used instead.

Because aunque el laboratorio me guste cada vez más is a subordinate clause added after the main idea as a concession.

The main clause is:

• Ojalá el próximo semestre tenga más clases de geografía y menos ecuaciones de física

Then the speaker adds a contrast:

• aunque el laboratorio me guste cada vez más

In Spanish, it is very common to separate this kind of afterthought or concessive clause with a comma. It helps show the structure clearly.