A seguradora ligou agora.

A is the feminine singular definite article, so here it means the.

• a seguradora = the insurance company / the insurer
• It is a and not o because seguradora is a feminine noun.

So A seguradora is simply the subject: the insurance company.

Seguradora usually means insurance company or insurer in Brazilian Portuguese.

In everyday Brazilian use, it most often refers to the company that provides the insurance, for example:

• A seguradora aprovou o conserto.
• Vou falar com a seguradora.

A learner may confuse it with seguro, which usually means insurance, insurance policy, or safe/sure depending on context.

So:

• seguro = insurance / policy / safe
• seguradora = insurer / insurance company

Because seguradora is a feminine noun in Portuguese.

Many nouns ending in -ora are feminine:

• professora
• diretora
• seguradora

That is why it takes:

• a seguradora
• not o seguradora

This grammatical gender does not necessarily tell you anything about a real person's gender here, since the word refers to a company.

Ligou is the third-person singular preterite of ligar.

So it means:

• he/she called
• it called
• you called (formal você)

In this sentence, the subject is A seguradora, so ligou means the insurance company called.

This is the simple past used for a completed action:

• A seguradora ligou. = the call happened and is finished.

Not always. Ligar has a few common meanings, and context tells you which one is intended.

Very common meanings:

• ligar para alguém = to call someone
• ligar = to turn on / switch on
• ligar para algo = to care about something, pay attention to something

In A seguradora ligou agora, the natural meaning is called (by phone), because the subject is a company and agora suggests a recent event.

Examples:

• Ela ligou para mim. = She called me.
• Ele ligou a TV. = He turned on the TV.
• Eu não ligo para isso. = I don’t care about that.

Portuguese often does not use subject pronouns when the subject is already clear.

Here, the subject is explicitly stated:

• A seguradora = the insurance company

So Portuguese does not need an extra it:

• A seguradora ligou agora.

English usually requires a subject pronoun or noun phrase, but Portuguese often allows the verb and noun phrase to do all the work naturally.

This is a very common point of confusion.

Although agora often means now, with a past verb it can mean just now, a moment ago, or right now a short time ago.

So:

• A seguradora liga agora. = The insurance company is calling now / calls now.
• A seguradora ligou agora. = The insurance company called just now.

In natural Brazilian Portuguese, agora can refer to the present moment or the very recent past, depending on the tense and context.

Sometimes, depending on context.

Portuguese ligou agora is literally a simple past form, but in English the most natural translation may be either:

• The insurance company called just now.
• The insurance company has just called.

Both can work, depending on the variety of English and the situation.

The key point for the learner is:

• Portuguese uses the preterite here: ligou
• English may choose either simple past or present perfect to sound natural

Yes, but A seguradora ligou agora is the most neutral and natural order.

This is:

• subject
  • verb
    • time expression

You might also hear:

• A seguradora acabou de ligar. = The insurance company just called.
• Agora a seguradora ligou only in a marked context, where agora is being emphasized in contrast with another time.

For a learner, the safest choice is:

• A seguradora ligou agora.

It is possible and natural, but many Brazilians would also say:

• A seguradora acabou de ligar.

This is often even more common when you want to express has just called / just called.

Compare:

• A seguradora ligou agora. = The insurance company called just now.
• A seguradora acabou de ligar. = The insurance company just called.

Both are good, but acabou de + infinitive is a very common pattern for recent actions.

A rough pronunciation guide in Brazilian Portuguese would be:

• A seguradora ≈ ah seh-goo-rah-DOH-rah
• ligou ≈ lee-GOH
• agora ≈ ah-GOH-rah

A few helpful notes:

• In Brazil, the r in seguradora and agora is often a soft breathy sound, especially depending on region.
• ou in ligou sounds like a single final oh sound, not like English ow.
• The stressed syllables are:
  • segudora? Wait no: se-gu-ra-DO-ra
  • li-GOU
  • a-GO-ra

In this sentence, it almost certainly refers to a company, not a person.

In normal Brazilian usage, seguradora strongly suggests the insurance company / insurer. If you wanted to refer to a female person working in insurance, you would usually say something more specific, not just a seguradora, unless the context were very unusual.

So for learners, the default reading here is:

• A seguradora = the insurance company

Because the subject is singular:

• A seguradora = the insurance company

So the verb must also be singular:

• A seguradora ligou.

If the subject were plural, the verb would change:

• As seguradoras ligaram agora. = The insurance companies called just now.

So this is a standard subject-verb agreement pattern in Portuguese.