Depois, coloco água no balde e deixo a vassoura perto da porta.

In Portuguese, the subject pronoun is often omitted because the verb ending already shows who is doing the action.

• coloco = I put
• deixo = I leave

So eu is understood.
You can still say Eu coloco água no balde e deixo a vassoura... if you want emphasis, contrast, or extra clarity, but it is not necessary.

Both verbs are in the present indicative, first person singular:

• coloco = I put / I place
• deixo = I leave

In Portuguese, the present tense is commonly used for:

• routines: what someone usually does
• step-by-step descriptions: explaining a sequence of actions
• instructions or demonstrations: especially in informal explanation

So this sentence can sound like someone describing what they do next in a process.

Depois means afterward, then, or after that.

At the beginning of a sentence, it often introduces the next step in a sequence:

• Depois, coloco água no balde... = Then/After that, I put water in the bucket...

The comma is very common after an introductory word like depois, especially in writing. It helps mark a pause.
Without the comma, the sentence is still understandable, and in informal writing you may see:

• Depois coloco água no balde...

Because água here is being used in a general, non-specific way, like a substance or material.

• coloco água no balde = I put water in the bucket

This is similar to English, where we usually just say water, not the water, unless we mean specific water already known in the conversation.

Compare:

• Coloco água no balde. = I put water in the bucket.
• Coloco a água no balde. = I put the water in the bucket.
  Here, a água refers to specific water.

Because Portuguese normally contracts em + o into no.

• em + o = no
• em + a = na
• em + os = nos
• em + as = nas

So:

• no balde = in the bucket

The full form em o balde is not the normal standard form here.

Because perto is normally followed by de:

• perto de = near

So:

• perto de a porta becomes perto da porta

This is another contraction:

• de + a = da

So perto da porta literally works like near of the door, but in natural English we say near the door.

Portuguese uses articles a lot, especially with concrete nouns that are specific in the situation.

Here:

• a vassoura = the broom
• a porta = the door

These sound like specific, identifiable objects in the context.

But água is a mass noun here, used in a general sense, so no article is needed.

If the broom or door were not specific, you could use uma:

• deixo uma vassoura perto de uma porta = I leave a broom near a door

That sounds much less specific and less natural in this context.

They mean different things:

• perto da porta = near the door
• na porta = at the door, on the door, or sometimes in the doorway, depending on context

So in this sentence:

• deixo a vassoura perto da porta means the broom is placed close to the door, not necessarily touching it.

If you said na porta, it would suggest a different location and could sound less natural for a broom unless the exact context supports it.

Yes. In Brazilian Portuguese, colocar and pôr can often both mean to put.

So these are both possible:

• Coloco água no balde.
• Ponho água no balde.

A few notes:

• colocar is extremely common and often feels very straightforward for learners
• pôr is also common, especially in everyday speech
• In Brazil, you may also hear botar, which is more colloquial:
  • Boto água no balde.

All three can work, but coloco is a very safe and neutral choice.

It can mean either one, depending on the context.

Deixar is a very flexible verb. It can mean:

• to leave something somewhere
• to let/allow
• to stop doing something in some expressions

In this sentence:

• deixo a vassoura perto da porta

it clearly means I leave the broom near the door or I place the broom near the door.

But in another sentence:

• Deixo ele entrar. = I let him come in.

So the context tells you which meaning is intended.

The given order is natural and clear:

• Depois, coloco água no balde e deixo a vassoura perto da porta.

You can make small changes, such as adding the subject:

• Depois, eu coloco água no balde e deixo a vassoura perto da porta.

You can also move depois in some contexts:

• Eu coloco água no balde depois...

But that often changes the feel slightly, making depois sound more like later rather than a simple next-step marker.

So for a sequence of actions, the original order is very natural in Brazilian Portuguese.