Mam już umówioną wizytę w przychodni na piątek, ale lekarka dała mi dziś zwolnienie na dwa dni.

This is a very natural Polish pattern: mieć + object + participle.

So mam umówioną wizytę literally means something like I have an appointment arranged/booked. The focus is not on the action of arranging it, but on the current result: the appointment is already set up.

By contrast, umówiłem / umówiłam wizytę means I arranged/booked the appointment, which focuses more on the completed action itself.

Because umówioną agrees with wizytę.

The noun wizyta is:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative here

So the participle must match it:

• nominative: umówiona wizyta
• accusative: mam umówioną wizytę

This kind of agreement is very common in Polish.

Because wizytę is the accusative singular form of wizyta.

The verb mieć normally takes a direct object in the accusative:

• mam książkę
• mam samochód
• mam wizytę

Since wizyta is feminine and ends in -a in the dictionary form, its accusative singular changes to -ę:

• wizyta → wizytę

After w when it means in / at a place, Polish usually uses the locative case.

So:

• dictionary form: przychodnia
• after w: w przychodni

This is the normal locative form of this noun.

Przychodnia is usually an outpatient medical clinic, health center, or doctor’s office complex. It is not quite the same as a hospital.

So w przychodni suggests the appointment is at a clinic or medical center, not necessarily in a hospital ward.

Na piątek is very common when talking about something arranged, scheduled, or planned for Friday.

So:

• mam wizytę na piątek = I have an appointment scheduled for Friday

By contrast, w piątek simply means on Friday and describes when something happens.

In many contexts both can appear, but with appointments and bookings, na + day/date is especially natural.

Już means already.

It shows that the appointment has been arranged before now. Without już, the sentence would still be correct, but już adds the idea that this is already taken care of.

So mam już umówioną wizytę suggests:

• the appointment is already booked
• this is not a new plan being made right now

Lekarka is the feminine word for a female doctor. Since the doctor is a woman, lekarka is perfectly natural.

You may also hear:

• lekarz used generically
• pani doktor, which is also very common in everyday Polish

But in this sentence, lekarka clearly tells you the doctor was female.

Mi is the dative form of ja, meaning to me.

The verb dać means to give, and it normally works like this:

• someone gives something to someone

So in this sentence:

• lekarka = the giver
• zwolnienie = the thing given
• mi = the person receiving it

Dała is past tense, feminine singular, because the subject is lekarka.

Also, dała comes from perfective dać, which fits a single completed action: the doctor gave the note today.

Here zwolnienie means a medical leave note, sick note, or doctor’s certificate excusing someone from work or school.

In full, people often say zwolnienie lekarskie. In everyday speech, zwolnienie by itself is often enough if the context is medical.

So this is not just a general release or exemption. In this context, it specifically means a doctor-issued note saying the person should be off for a certain period.

Here na dwa dni means for two days.

With zwolnienie, this structure expresses the length or validity of the leave:

• zwolnienie na jeden dzień
• zwolnienie na tydzień
• zwolnienie na dwa dni

It does not mean in two days. For in two days, Polish would use something like za dwa dni.

Yes, dziś and dzisiaj both mean today.

Dziś is slightly shorter and often feels a bit more compact or conversational, but both are normal and common:

• dała mi dziś zwolnienie
• dała mi dzisiaj zwolnienie

Both are correct.

No, Polish word order is fairly flexible, though some versions sound more natural than others.

For example, you could also say:

• Lekarka dała mi dziś zwolnienie na dwa dni
• Dziś lekarka dała mi zwolnienie na dwa dni

The basic meaning stays the same, but the emphasis changes:

• putting dziś earlier highlights today
• starting with lekarka highlights the doctor as the subject

The original sentence sounds natural and neutral.