Hai veramente controllato la borsa?

It is the passato prossimo, one of the most common Italian past tenses.

• hai = you have
• controllato = checked

Literally, it looks like have checked, but in English it is often translated as a simple past: Did you really check the bag? or Have you really checked the bag?

Italian uses the passato prossimo very often for completed past actions, especially in everyday speech.

Hai is the second person singular form of avere in the present tense:

• io ho = I have
• tu hai = you have
• lui/lei ha = he/she has

In the passato prossimo, Italian usually combines:

• a present-tense auxiliary verb (avere or essere)
• a past participle

So:

• hai controllato = you have checked

Even though English often uses did in questions, Italian does not need a separate helper like do/did here.

Because Italian forms questions differently from English.

In English, you often need do/did:

• Did you check the bag?

In Italian, you usually just use the normal verb form and let intonation or a question mark show that it is a question:

• Hai controllato la borsa?

So Italian does not need an extra word equivalent to English did in this sentence.

Veramente means really / truly here, and adverbs like this often go between the auxiliary and the past participle:

• Hai veramente controllato la borsa?

This is very natural.

You may also hear other placements, depending on emphasis, for example:

• Hai controllato veramente la borsa?
• Veramente hai controllato la borsa? (more marked, with a different emphasis)

But the version you have is a very standard and natural word order.

Yes. In many situations, davvero and veramente can both mean really.

So you could also say:

• Hai davvero controllato la borsa?

Both are natural. Sometimes davvero sounds a little more conversational, while veramente can sound slightly more like really/truly, but in everyday speech they overlap a lot.

Italian usually uses the definite article more often than English.

So where English might say:

• Did you check the bag?
• Did you check your bag?

Italian often says:

• Hai controllato la borsa?

The article la does not automatically mean a very specific contrast like English the always seems to. In context, la borsa can simply mean the bag, the purse, or even your bag, depending on the situation.

Borsa usually means a bag, especially a handbag, purse, or similar personal bag.

Depending on context, it can mean:

• bag
• handbag
• purse

If you wanted to say something more like suitcase, you would normally use valigia instead.

So la borsa here most likely means a personal bag, not large luggage.

Yes, this version is informal singular because hai is used with tu.

It is what you say to one person you address informally:

• Hai veramente controllato la borsa?

If you wanted the formal singular version, you would say:

• Ha veramente controllato la borsa?

If you wanted the plural informal version (you all), you would say:

• Avete veramente controllato la borsa?

Because Italian often leaves out subject pronouns when they are already clear from the verb form.

• hai already tells you the subject is tu = you (informal singular)

So:

• Hai veramente controllato la borsa?

is completely normal.

You can add tu for emphasis or contrast:

• Tu hai veramente controllato la borsa?

That can sound like:

• You really checked the bag?

So the pronoun is optional, not required.

Here, controllato is the past participle of controllare.

Because the auxiliary is avere, the past participle usually stays in the default masculine singular form:

• Hai controllato la borsa?

Even though borsa is feminine, controllato does not normally change here.

So you do not say:

• Hai controllata la borsa? in normal usage

With avere, agreement usually does not happen unless there are special pronoun situations.

Yes, very much. With veramente, the speaker may be expressing doubt, surprise, or insistence.

Depending on tone, it could mean things like:

• Did you really check the bag?
• Are you sure you checked the bag?
• You really checked the bag?

So although the grammar is straightforward, the feeling depends a lot on intonation and context.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

Eye veh-rah-MEN-teh kon-troh-LAH-toh lah BOR-sah?

A few helpful notes:

• hai sounds roughly like eye
• veramente has stress on -men-
• controllato has stress on -la-
• borsa has stress on bor-

As a question, your voice usually rises a little at the end.