Ég finn ekki gleraugun mín og get þess vegna ekki lesið textann vel.

A very literal breakdown is:

• Ég = I
• finn ekki = do not find / can’t find
• gleraugun mín = my glasses
• og = and
• get = can / am able to
• þess vegna = therefore / because of that
• ekki lesið = not read / can’t read
• textann = the text
• vel = well

So the structure is roughly:

I find not my glasses and can therefore not read the text well.

That sounds a bit unnatural in English, but it matches Icelandic word order more closely.

Yes. Icelandic works like English here.

• gleraugu = glasses
• even one pair is normally treated as plural

So:

• gleraugu = glasses
• gleraugun = the glasses

This is a very common pattern with things that come as a pair.

Gleraugun mín is the most natural everyday way to say my glasses.

In Icelandic, a very common pattern is:

• definite noun + possessive
• so: gleraugun mín = literally the glasses my

English does not do this, but Icelandic does.

You can also find mín gleraugu, but that is usually more marked, more contrastive, or more stylistic — something like my glasses as opposed to someone else’s.

So for normal, neutral speech, gleraugun mín is the form learners should expect most often.

Because the possessive has to agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

Here the noun is:

• gleraugu — neuter plural
• in this sentence it is the object of finna, so it is in the accusative
• for neuter plural accusative, the possessive is mín

So:

• gleraugun mín = my glasses

Even if you do not know all the case endings yet, it helps to remember the whole phrase as a chunk.

Because textann is the accusative definite form.

• texti = a text / text (nominative, dictionary form)
• textann = the text (accusative)

The verb lesa takes a direct object, and that object is in the accusative:

• lesa texta = read a text
• lesa textann = read the text

So -ann here is part of the masculine singular definite accusative ending.

Because geta is followed by the verb form called the supine (in Icelandic grammar, often sagnbót).

So:

• lesa = to read
• lesið = read, in the form used after geta

That means:

• Ég get lesið = I can read

This does not make the sentence past tense. It still means present ability.

This is something learners often just have to get used to:

• vil lesa = want to read
• get lesið = can read

Because geta does not use að before the following verb form.

So you say:

• Ég get lesið
• not Ég get að lesið

Compare that with verbs that do use að, for example:

• Ég ætla að lesa = I am going to read

So one thing to learn is simply:

• geta + supine
• no að

That is normal Icelandic word order.

In a main clause, the finite verb comes early, and ekki usually comes after it:

• Ég finn ekki ...
• ég get ekki ...

So Icelandic says:

• Ég finn ekki gleraugun mín
• literally: I find not my glasses

not:

• Ég ekki finn ...

This is one of the biggest word-order differences from English.

Because both parts of the sentence are negative:

1. Ég finn ekki gleraugun mín
   = I can’t find my glasses

2. (Ég) get þess vegna ekki lesið textann vel
   = I therefore can’t read the text well

Each clause has its own finite verb:

• finn
• get

So each negative clause gets its own ekki.

Þess vegna means:

• therefore
• for that reason
• because of that

In this sentence it connects the two ideas:

• I can’t find my glasses
• therefore I can’t read the text well

Historically, it comes from:

• þess = of that
• vegna = because of / on account of

But for learners, the easiest thing is to treat þess vegna as one fixed expression meaning therefore.

Because the subject is still clearly I.

The full version would be:

• Ég finn ekki gleraugun mín og ég get þess vegna ekki lesið textann vel.

But Icelandic, like English, often leaves out the repeated subject in coordinated clauses when it is obvious:

• Ég finn ekki ... og get þess vegna ekki ...

That sounds natural and avoids repetition.

Because vel is an adverb, and it modifies the verb lesið.

• vel = well
• góður / góð / gott = good

Since the sentence is talking about how you read, Icelandic uses the adverb:

• lesa vel = read well

An adjective like góður would describe a noun, not the action of reading.