Breakdown of Poste mi sendas retpoŝton por inviti ŝiajn amikojn en nian domon, kie ni dancos kaj restos kune ĝis malfrue.
Questions & Answers about Poste mi sendas retpoŝton por inviti ŝiajn amikojn en nian domon, kie ni dancos kaj restos kune ĝis malfrue.
In Esperanto, the present tense (-as) can be used in two common ways that might translate as future in English:
Narrative present – telling a story as if it is happening now:
- Poste mi sendas retpoŝton… = Then I send an email… (like describing a sequence in a story).
Habitual action – describing a routine:
- Poste mi sendas retpoŝton… = Afterwards I (usually) send an email…
If you are talking about one specific future event, the more straightforward and neutral form is:
- Poste mi sendos retpoŝton… – Later I will send an email…
So sendas is not wrong, but it suggests either a narrative style or a habitual action, depending on context. For a simple future plan, sendos is clearer.
Because retpoŝton is the direct object of the verb sendas.
- The basic word is retpoŝto – email (noun).
- In Esperanto, a direct object takes -n (accusative):
- Mi sendas retpoŝton. – I send an email.
Form breakdown: ret-poŝt-o-n
- ret – net / online
- poŝt – mail
- o – noun ending
- n – accusative (direct object)
Without -n, retpoŝto would typically be a subject, not an object.
Por here means “in order to”; it introduces a purpose:
- por inviti ŝiajn amikojn = in order to invite her friends
Structure:
- por
- infinitive (inviti) = expression of purpose.
You cannot simply drop por and say:
- ✗ mi sendas retpoŝton inviti ŝiajn amikojn
That would sound like two unrelated verbs jammed together.
If you want a clause with a subject, you’d use por ke:
- Mi sendas retpoŝton por ke ŝiaj amikoj venu.
I send an email so that her friends come.
So in this sentence, por is necessary to show that inviti ŝiajn amikojn is the purpose of sending the email.
Two things are happening:
Plural:
- amikoj – friends (plural)
- so the agreeing possessive adjective needs -j: ŝiaj – her (plural)
Accusative (direct object):
- In the phrase por inviti ŝiajn amikojn, the whole group ŝiajn amikojn is the object of inviti.
- Objects in Esperanto take -n.
Both the noun and its agreeing adjective take -n, so we get:
- ŝiajn amikojn = her friends (as an object)
Form breakdown:
- ŝiajn = ŝi (she) + a (adjective) + j (plural) + n (accusative)
- amikojn = amik (friend) + o (noun) + j (plural) + n (accusative)
Ŝiaj amikoj (without -n) would be used if they were the subject of the verb, e.g.:
- Ŝiaj amikoj venas. – Her friends are coming.
Sia is a reflexive possessive pronoun. It refers back to the subject of the same clause.
In this sentence, the subject is mi:
- Poste mi sendas retpoŝton por inviti ŝiajn amikojn…
So:
- miaj amikoj – my friends
- ŝiaj amikoj – her friends
- liaj amikoj – his friends
- siajn amikojn – one’s own friends, i.e. the subject’s friends
If we wrote por inviti siajn amikojn, it would mean to invite *my own friends (because *mi is the subject). That changes the meaning.
We want to say her friends (someone else’s), so we must use ŝiajn, not siajn.
The key idea is movement into a place.
en nian domon
- en = in / into
- nian domon with -n shows direction / movement into the house.
- So en nian domon = into our house.
en nia domo (no -n)
- This describes a location, not movement: in our house (where something happens).
- Example: Ni dancas en nia domo. – We dance in our house.
al nia domo
- al = to / towards
- al nia domo means to our house (towards it), not necessarily into it.
- It can mean going to the house, possibly staying outside.
In this sentence, the idea is “invite them into our house,” so en nian domon (with -n for direction) is the best choice.
Kie is a locative word: it refers to place (“where”).
Here, kie = en kiu (domo) = in which (house), but the word kie already includes the idea of “in”.
- nian domon, kie ni dancos…
= our house, where we will dance…
Using kiam would change it to time:
- …kiam ni dancos… = when we dance… (not “where”)
You could say …en kiu domo ni dancos…, but that is longer and more formal. Esperanto normally prefers the shorter locative kie.
So kie here is a relative word meaning “in which place / where” and refers back to nian domon.
The subordinate clause describes activities that will happen later, during the future visit:
- kie ni dancos kaj restos kune ĝis malfrue
= where we will dance and stay together until late.
So dancos and restos appropriately use -os to show real future actions.
The mixed tenses in the whole sentence give different possible readings:
Poste mi sendas… kie ni dancos kaj restos…
- could be read as a narrative present or routine (“Then I send… where we will dance…”)
- but the future verbs push the feeling toward “one specific future event.”
For a single planned future event, many speakers would prefer to make all the main actions future:
- Poste mi sendos retpoŝton por inviti ŝiajn amikojn en nian domon, kie ni dancos kaj restos kune ĝis malfrue.
For a habitual description, they’d usually all be present:
- Poste mi sendas… kie ni dancas kaj restas kune ĝis malfrue.
So the -os endings are there because the dancing and staying clearly happen in the future; the tense of sendas/sendos depends on whether you mean a narrative/habitual or a single future event.
- ĝis = until, up to
- malfrue = late (adverb)
So ĝis malfrue literally means “until (it is) late”, i.e. until late.
The difference:
malfrua – adjective: “late” (describes a noun)
- la malfrua horo – the late hour
malfrue – adverb: “late” (describes a verb / whole action)
- Ni restos malfrue. – We will stay late.
- Ĝis malfrue – (we stay) until late.
Since ĝis malfrue refers to how long we stay (modifying restos), we use the adverb form malfrue, not the adjective malfrua.
kun is a preposition: with (it must have a noun after it).
- Mi restos kun ŝi. – I will stay with her.
kune is an adverb: together.
- Ni restos kune. – We will stay together.
In restos kune ĝis malfrue, there is no following noun, so a preposition (kun) wouldn’t fit. We want to describe the manner in which they stay – together – so the adverb kune is correct.
If you wanted to specify with whom, you could combine them:
- Ni restos kune kun ŝiaj amikoj ĝis malfrue.
We will stay together with her friends until late.
Yes. Esperanto has flexible word order, as long as endings are correct.
Both:
- Poste mi sendas retpoŝton…
- Mi sendas retpoŝton poste…
are grammatically fine.
Differences:
- Poste mi sendas… puts a bit more emphasis on “afterwards/then” and sounds like you are listing steps in a sequence.
- Mi sendas retpoŝton poste sounds a bit more neutral: “I send an email later.”
So it’s mostly a matter of style and emphasis, not correctness.