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### Addressing people directly

In English, we use "you" for everyone. In German, you choose between an informal and a formal "you".

### The informal "you": du

Use the informal **du** with friends, family, children, and peers. 

To conjugate verbs for **du**, drop the **-en** ending and add **-st** to the stem.

{{item:862368}}

If the verb stem ends in **-d** or **-t** (like *arbeiten*), add an extra **-e-** to make it easier to pronounce, resulting in **-est**.

{{item:862364}}

### Asking yes/no questions

To ask a yes/no question, move the conjugated verb to the **first position**, followed immediately by the subject.

{{item:862371}}

{{item:862381}}

### The formal "you": Sie

Use the formal **Sie** with strangers or in professional settings. It is always capitalized, no matter where it appears in the sentence.

To conjugate verbs for **Sie**, use the base infinitive form, which ends in **-en**.

{{item:862383}}

{{item:862376}}

The second person (du -st, Sie -en)

adjective

adverb

auxiliary verb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Definite articles and gender (der, die, das)

Indefinite articles (ein, eine)

Regular verbs and statement word order (ich -e, er -t)

Yes/No questions

The verb 'to have' (habe, hast, hat)

Plural pronouns and regular verbs (wir, ihr, sie)

Plural 'to be' and 'to have' (sind, haben)

Plural nouns and the plural article (die)

Sentence negation (nicht)

Noun negation (kein, keine)

Question words (wer, was, wo, wie)

Numbers 0 to 12 (null, eins, zwei)

The accusative case (den, die, das)

Indefinite accusative articles (einen, keinen)

Direct object pronouns (mich, dich, ihn)

There is / there are (es gibt)

Vowel changes: e to i/ie (er spricht, sie liest)

Vowel changes: a to ä (er fährt)

Weather and conditions (es regnet)

First- and second-person possessives in the nominative (mein, dein, Ihr)

First- and second-person possessives in the accusative (meinen, deinen, Ihren)

Third-person and plural possessives (sein, ihr, unser, euer)

Possession with names (Annas Auto)

Demonstrative pronouns (dieser, diese, dieses)

Expressing preference (gern, lieber)

Asking about direction and origin (woher, wohin)

Expressing ability (können)

Polite requests (möchten)

Expressing intention (wollen)

Modal verbs of obligation and permission (müssen, dürfen)

Separable prefix verbs

Adverbs of frequency (immer, oft, manchmal, nie)

The Dative case and definite articles (dem, der, den)

Dative indefinite and negative articles (einem, einer, keinem)

Dative personal pronouns (mir, dir, ihm, ihr...)

Dative verbs (helfen, danken, gefallen, schmecken)

Dative prepositions (aus, bei, mit, nach...)

Accusative prepositions (für, ohne, gegen)

Two-way prepositions for location (in, an, auf...)

Informal singular imperative (mach, komm)

Plural and formal imperative (macht, machen Sie)

Coordinating conjunctions (und, oder, aber, denn)

Simple past of sein and haben (war, hatte)

The perfect tense: regular verbs (gemacht, gespielt)

Past tense: irregular verbs (ge-...-en)

The perfect tense: mixed verbs (gebracht, gekannt)

The perfect tense with sein (ist gegangen)

The perfect tense: separable verbs (eingekauft)

The perfect tense: inseparable and -ieren verbs (besucht, studiert)

Informal singular commands (mach, lern)

Numbers 13 to 20 (dreizehn to zwanzig)

Counting by tens to 100 (dreißig, vierzig)

Telling time (Uhr, halb, Viertel, vor, nach)

Numbers 21 to 99 (einundzwanzig, zweiunddreißig)

Greetings and farewells

Thank you, sorry and good wishes

Everyday replies

Numbers 100 to 1,000,000 (hundert, tausend...)

Becoming and getting (werden)

The impersonal pronoun (man)

Indefinite pronouns (jemand, niemand...)

Time sequence prepositions (vor, nach, bei)

Time span prepositions (von... bis, seit, für)

Adverbs of sequence (zuerst, dann, danach)

Two-way prepositions for direction (in, auf, an...)

Directional adverbs (hin, her)

Placement verbs (setzen, stellen, legen)

Months of the year (Januar, Februar)

The four seasons (Frühling, Sommer)

Time prepositions and indefinite pronouns (an, in, um)

Ordinal numbers 1st to 19th (am ersten)

Ordinals 20th and beyond (-ste, -sten)

Placement vs. location verbs (stellen vs. stehen)

Accusative reflexive pronouns (mich, dich, sich)

Accusative reflexive verbs (sich freuen)

Dative reflexive pronouns (mir, dir, sich)

Dative reflexive verbs (sich etwas merken)

Ordinal numbers 11th to 19th (-te)

Temporal prepositions (an, in, um)

Double objects with nouns

Double objects with pronouns

The modal verb for advice (sollen)

Simple past of modal verbs (musste, wollte...)

Simple past of common irregulars (wurde, wusste, es gab)

Adverbial connectors of consequence (deshalb, darum...)

Subordinate clauses for statements (dass)

Subordinate clauses for reasons (weil)

Question	Answer
to work	arbeiten
very	sehr
good / well	gut
You work very well.	Du arbeitest sehr gut.
to live	wohnen
in	in
Germany	Deutschland
You live in Germany.	Du wohnst in Deutschland.
to come	kommen
from / out of (made of)	aus
Do you come from Germany?	Kommst du aus Deutschland?
thank you	danke
You learn fast, thank you.	Du lernst schnell, danke.
you (formal)	Sie
Do you also work here?	Arbeiten Sie auch hier?
Do you live in Germany?	Wohnen Sie in Deutschland?
You are buying a house now.	Sie kaufen jetzt ein Haus.
Do you like to play?	Spielen Sie gern?
The woman lives here, and you live here too.	Die Frau wohnt hier, und Sie wohnen auch hier.
The man works, and you work too.	Der Mann arbeitet, und du arbeitest auch.
Are you doing something now?	Machst du jetzt etwas?
You work very well, thank you.	Du arbeitest sehr gut, danke.
You come from Germany.	Sie kommen aus Deutschland.