Breakdown of مهندس آجرها را عوض نکرده است، چون میخواهد از شیشه استفاده کند.
ازaz
from
راrâ
definite direct object marker
خواستنkhâstan
to want / to ask (request from someone)
استفاده کردنestefâde kardan
to use
چونchon
because
شیشهshishe
glass
مهندسmohandes
engineer
آجرâjor
brick
عوض کردنavaz kardan
to replace / to change (exchange, substitute)
Questions & Answers about مهندس آجرها را عوض نکرده است، چون میخواهد از شیشه استفاده کند.
How do we form the negative present perfect in عوض نکرده است?
It uses the compound verb عوض کردن (to replace). To make it negative present perfect, we add the negative prefix نـ (na-) to the past participle کرده (karde), followed by the short copula or "to be" verb است (ast). This gives us عوض نکرده است (has not replaced).
Why is the word را used after آجرها?
The word آجرها (bricks) is the direct object of the sentence. Because we are talking about specific bricks that the engineer has not replaced, we must follow it with the specific direct object marker را.
Why does the sentence use از شیشه (from glass) instead of just شیشه?
In English we directly "use glass", but in Farsi, the compound verb استفاده کردن (to use) requires the preposition از (from) before the object. You can think of it literally as "to make use from glass".
Why is the final verb استفاده کند and not استفاده میکند?
The first verb in that clause is میخواهد (he wants). In Farsi, when you express wanting to do an action, the second verb must be in the subjunctive mood. For the compound verb استفاده کردن, the present tense میکند drops the میـ prefix to become the subjunctive کند.
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