Breakdown of Na naar de instructeur te hebben geluisterd, houd ik het stuur vast.
ik
I
hebben
to have
naar
to
luisteren
to listen
Questions & Answers about Na naar de instructeur te hebben geluisterd, houd ik het stuur vast.
Why are there two prepositions, na and naar, right next to each other?
The first word, na, means 'after' and sets up the 'after having...' structure for the clause. The second word, naar, means 'to' and belongs to the verb luisteren (to listen). Just like in English, you listen to someone (luisteren naar). Because the verbs are pushed to the end of this phrase, naar is placed earlier and ends up right next to na.
Why do we need te in te hebben geluisterd?
This is the required grammatical structure for saying 'after having done something.' In Dutch, you form this by using na + [other information] + te + the infinitive helper verb (hebben or zijn) + the past participle (geluisterd). The word te cannot be left out here.
Why does the second half of the sentence say houd ik instead of ik houd?
The entire 'after having listened' phrase acts as a large block of time information that takes up the very first position in the sentence. Because Dutch follows the 'verb-second' (V2) rule in main clauses, the main verb (houd) must immediately follow the comma. This forces the subject (ik) to flip behind the verb.
Where does the word vast at the end of the sentence come from?