Learn Dutch: We hebben minstens een kwart van de kaas nodig. - We need at least a quarter of the cheese.

Een kwart is the standard and most natural way to say 'a quarter' in Dutch, especially for amounts, weights, and time. While een vierde exists, you will hear een kwart much more often in everyday speech.

Why is nodig at the very end of the sentence?

The verb used here is the expression nodig hebben (to need). Because it acts like a split verb, the conjugated part (hebben) stays in the second position, while nodig gets pushed all the way to the end of the sentence.

Does minstens mean exactly the same thing as tenminste?

Not quite! Minstens is used specifically for a minimum quantity, number, or amount (like 'at least a quarter'). Tenminste is used more for reassuring or conditional statements, like saying 'At least we have some cheese left'.

Why do we need van de here? Couldn't we just say een kwart kaas?

We use van de kaas ('of the cheese') because we are talking about a specific, previously mentioned block or amount of cheese. If you were talking about a general, non-specific quantity, you could leave out van and say something like een kwart kilo kaas ('a quarter kilo of cheese').