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Croatian

### The Crow and the Sparrow

To talk about general facts or beliefs, Croatian often uses the reflexive pronoun **se** with verbs to create impersonal statements, such as **smatra se** (it is considered). We can use this to describe the intelligence of the crow (**vrana**).

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When adding most case endings to sparrow (**vrabac**), the final **-a** drops out (a "fleeting a"). This causes the **b** and **c** to touch, and the **b** changes to a **p** to make pronunciation easier. For example, in the accusative plural, *vrabac* becomes *vrapce*.

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### Waterfowl: Ducks, Geese, and Swans

When you want to compare two animals, use a comparative adjective followed by **od** (from/than) and the genitive case. For instance, to say a goose (**guska**) is bigger than a duck (**patka**), *patka* takes the genitive ending to become *patke*.

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For short masculine nouns like swan (**labud**), Croatian usually inserts the syllable **-ov-** before adding plural case endings. In the accusative plural, *labud* becomes *labudove*.

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### Folklore and Seasons: Storks and Swallows

Just like *smatra se*, you can use **govori se** (it is said) to share traditional wisdom, like the famous myth about the stork (**roda**).

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To describe the migration of the swallow (**lastavica**), you use the preposition **na** (to/onto) followed by the accusative case to show the direction of movement, such as *na jug* (to the south).

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### Birds of the Forest: Prepositions of Location

When describing where forest birds hunt and live, you will often use prepositions like **iznad** (above) and **ispod** (under/below). Both of these require the noun that follows them to be in the genitive case. 

Notice how the plural *planine* (mountains) becomes *planina*, and *kora* (bark) becomes *kore* when talking about the flight of the falcon (**sokol**) and the pecking of the woodpecker (**djetlić**).

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Finally, we can use one more impersonal verb phrase, **pretpostavlja se** (it is assumed), to describe the mischievous reputation of the magpie (**svraka**).

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Common Birds

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

prep

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Singular pronouns and to be (sam, si, je)

Noun genders (-Ø, -a, -o/-e)

Demonstrative pronouns (ovaj, ova, ovo)

Plural pronouns and to be (smo, ste, su)

Masculine plural nouns (-i)

Feminine plural nouns (-e)

Neuter plural nouns (-a)

Full verb to be (jesam, jesi)

Negative verb to be (nisam, nisi)

Yes/no questions (je li)

Wh- questions (tko, gdje)

Formal vs informal address (ti vs Vi)

Regular present tense (-ati)

Regular present tense (-iti)

Regular present tense (-jeti)

Verb negation (ne)

The verb to have (imati / nemati)

Inanimate direct objects

Feminine direct objects (-u)

Plural direct objects (-e, -a)

Accusative pronouns (me, te, ga, ju)

Adjective agreement

Plural adjectives

Accusative adjectives

Numbers 1 to 10 (jedan, dva, tri)

The locative case (-u)

Feminine locative (-i)

The verb to go (ići)

Destination (u, na)

The genitive case (-a)

Accusative pronouns (nas, vas, ga, ih)

Animate masculine accusative (-a)

Adjective agreement for animate masculine (-og, -eg)

The verb can (moći)

The verb must (morati)

The verb to want (htjeti, hoću)

The future tense (ću/ćeš + infinitive)

The past tense: l-participle (radio, radila)

Past tense word order (Prvo sam radio...)

Past tense with plural subjects (-li, -le, -la)

Feminine genitive singular (-e)

Possession and origin (od, iz)

Negative existence (nema)

Numbers 2, 3, and 4

Genitive plural (-a)

Numbers 11 to 20

Past tense negation (nisam)

Past tense questions (jeste li)

Dative singular

Dative pronouns (ti, mu, joj)

Past tense negation (nisam, nisi...)

Double object pronouns (mu ga, ti ju...)

Reflexive verbs (se)

Reflexive clitic word order

Commands and requests (radi, radite)

Plural demonstratives (ovi, ove, ova)

Possessive determiners (moj, naš, njegov)

Greetings (Dobar dan, doviđenja)

The body: Boli me glava

Directions (lijevo, desno, ravno)

There is, there are (ima)

Politeness (molim vas, hvala lijepa)

How you feel (Sviđa mi se)

Counting by tens to 100 (trideset, četrdeset...)

Quantifiers with the genitive case (malo, puno...)

Adjective agreement in the genitive singular (-og, -e)

Adjective agreement in the genitive plural (-ih)

Genitive prepositions (kod, do, bez...)

Asking what kind and which (kakav, koji)

Possessive determiners (njegov, njezin...)

Possessives in the accusative case

The reflexive possessive (svoj)

Indefinite pronouns (netko, nešto, neki)

Negative pronouns (nitko, ništa)

The verb to need (trebati)

Reciprocal verbs (se)

Introduction to verbal aspect

Perfective verbs with prefixes

Perfective verbs with stem changes

Irregular perfective verbs

Aspect in the past tense

Aspect in the future tense

Vehicular motion (voziti se, putovati)

Arrival and departure ('doći', 'otići')

Entering and exiting ('ući', 'izaći')

Singular accompaniment ('s', 'sa')

Question	Answer
crow	vrana
It is considered that the crow is a very smart bird.	Smatra se da je vrana vrlo pametna ptica.
Do you see that black crow in the forest?	Vidiš li onu crnu vranu u šumi?
sparrow	vrabac
A little sparrow is hopping around the yard.	Mali vrabac skakuće po dvorištu.
Do you have bread for the sparrows?	Imaš li kruha za vrapce?
duck	patka
We must not feed ducks with old bread.	Ne smijemo hraniti patke starim kruhom.
A wild duck is swimming on the lake.	Divlja patka pliva na jezeru.
goose	guska
A goose is a little bigger than a duck.	Guska je malo veća od patke.
It is believed that geese are dangerous animals.	Vjeruje se da su guske opasne životinje.
swan	labud
The white swan looks beautiful on the water.	Bijeli labud izgleda predivno na vodi.
In March we can see swans on the river.	U ožujku možemo vidjeti labudove na rijeci.
stork	roda
The stork is building a nest on the roof.	Roda gradi gnijezdo na krovu.
It is said that a stork brings luck.	Govori se da roda nosi sreću.
swallow	lastavica
The first swallow announces spring.	Prva lastavica najavljuje proljeće.
In autumn, swallows fly to the south.	Ujesen lastavice lete na jug.
falcon	sokol
The falcon flies fast above the mountains.	Sokol brzo leti iznad planina.
That is the forest in which the falcon looks for food.	To je šuma u kojoj sokol traži hranu.
woodpecker	djetlić
Do you hear how the woodpecker is knocking on the tree?	Čuješ li kako djetlić kuca po drvetu?
The woodpecker is looking for insects under the bark.	Djetlić traži kukce ispod kore.
magpie	svraka
The magpie likes to collect shiny things.	Svraka voli skupljati sjajne stvari.
It is assumed that magpies steal gold.	Pretpostavlja se da svrake kradu zlato.