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### Demonstrative Pronouns: Bu, Şu, O

Turkish uses three words to point things out based on distance:

- **Bu** (this): For things close to you.
- **Şu** (that): For things a bit further away, or to draw attention to an object.
- **O** (that): For things far away.

**O** is also the personal pronoun for "he", "she", and "it". Turkish does not have gendered pronouns, so context is key!

### The Hidden "Is" (Zero-Copula)

In Turkish, you can build a complete sentence like "He is a doctor" without using a verb. In the third-person present tense, the word for "is" is invisible. You simply place the subject and the noun side by side.

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Notice that these sentences also skip the word for "a" — Turkish usually leaves it out when stating professions. That word is up next.

### The Indefinite Article: Bir

The word **bir** translates to "a" or "an" (and is also the number one). When pointing out objects, it usually stays in:

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With professions, however, **bir** is usually dropped — which is why you saw *O doktor*, and not *O bir doktor*.

Demonstrative pronouns (bu, şu, o)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

postposition

preposition

pronoun

sentence

verb

Basic question words (kim, ne)

Plural nouns (-lar, -ler)

I am and you are (-(y)ım, -sın)

We, you, and they are (-(y)ız, -sınız)

Negative statements (değil)

Yes and no questions (mı, mi, mu, mü)

Questions with 'to be' (mısın, mıyım)

Numbers 1 to 10 (bir, iki, üç)

Numbers 11 to 20 (on bir, on iki)

Numbers by tens to 100 (otuz, kırk...)

Counting objects (tane)

The locative case (-da, -de)

Consonant assimilation (-ta, -te)

Asking where (nerede)

There is / there are (var)

There is not / there are not (yok)

Asking how many (kaç)

Infinitive verbs (-mak, -mek)

Informal commands (git, gel)

Negative commands (-ma, -me)

Polite and plural commands (-In, -InIz)

Basic word order

Present continuous for consonant roots (-iyor)

Present continuous for vowel roots (-iyor)

Present continuous personal suffixes (-iyorum)

Negative present continuous (-miyor)

Present continuous questions (-iyor mu)

Future plans with present continuous

The dative case (-(y)a, -(y)e)

Consonant mutation (k, t, p, ç to ğ, d, b, c)

From or out of (-dan / -den)

Directional question words (nereye, nereden)

First and second person possessives (-(i)m, -(i)n)

Third person possessive (-(s)i)

Plural possessives (-imiz, -iniz, -leri)

The genitive case (-(n)in)

Definite noun compounds (-nin ... -si)

Indefinite noun compounds (bare noun + -(s)i)

Possessive buffer letter (n)

Spatial postpositions (içinde, üstünde)

The definite direct object (-(y)ı, -(y)i)

Object question words (kimi, neyi)

Adjectives modifying nouns

Manner and choice questions (nasıl, hangi)

Basic degree modifiers (çok, biraz)

Comparisons (daha, en)

Days of the week

Months of the year

The time question word (ne zaman)

Telling time (saat, buçuk)

Asking the time (saat kaç, saat kaçta)

Basic conjunctions (ve, ama, veya)

Causality conjunction (çünkü)

Means and accompaniment (ile, -(y)lA)

Purpose and beneficiaries (için)

Expressing desire (-mak istemek)

The past copula (-(y)DI)

The direct past tense (-DI)

Past tense personal suffixes (-DIm, -DIn)

Past tense negative (-mAdI)

Past tense questions (-DI mI)

Ordinal numbers (-(I)ncI)

Greetings and politeness

Saying 'too' (de, da)

Conversation fillers (şey, yani, hadi)

Conversational essentials

Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin)

Reciprocal pronouns (birbiri)

Indefinite pronouns for people (herkes, kimse)

Indefinite pronouns for things and places (her şey, hiçbir şey)

Conjunctions of consequence (bu yüzden, bu nedenle)

Correlative conjunctions (hem... hem, ne... ne)

Verbs taking the dative case (-e / -a)

Verbs taking the ablative case (-den / -dan)

Time origin (beri)

Time duration (-DIr)

Comparisons of similarity (gibi)

Comparisons of equality (kadar)

Perspectives (göre)

Verbal nouns (-mA / -mE)

Verbal nouns as objects (-mAyI / -mEyI)

Verbal nouns with the dative (-mAyA / -mEyA)

General necessity (lazım / gerek)

Personal necessity (-mAm lazım)

Third-person commands (-sIn / -sInlAr)

First person singular optative (-(y)AyIm)

First person plural optative (-(y)AlIm)

Question	Answer
that / he / she / it	o
doctor	doktor
He is a doctor.	O doktor.
this	bu
This is a doctor.	Bu doktor.
teacher	öğretmen
She is a teacher.	O öğretmen.
This is a teacher.	Bu öğretmen.
a / an	bir
book	kitap
This is a book.	Bu bir kitap.
that (pointed out)	şu
That is a book.	Şu bir kitap.
car	araba
That is a car.	O bir araba.
This is a car.	Bu bir araba.
house	ev
That is a house.	Şu bir ev.
This is a house.	Bu bir ev.
cat	kedi
This is a cat.	Bu bir kedi.
That is a cat.	Şu bir kedi.