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### Expressing gratitude

When thanking someone for a thoughtful action they have already completed, use the preposition **por** followed by the perfect personal infinitive. This translates closely to the English structure "for having [done something]".

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### Explaining past causes

You can use this same structure—**por** or **por causa de** plus the perfect personal infinitive—to explain the reason behind a feeling or reaction. It shows how an action that was completed in the past caused an emotion or state.

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### Emphasizing anteriority

To clearly establish a timeline of events, use the perfect personal infinitive after prepositions like **depois de** (after) and **apesar de** (despite). 

Using the perfect form here emphasizes that the action was entirely finished *before* the main action of the sentence took place, even if the main action is in the present tense.

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The perfect personal infinitive: usage

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Question	Answer
to offer	oferecer
the small gift	a lembrança
Thank you for having offered me the small gift.	Obrigado por me teres oferecido a lembrança.
to reciprocate	retribuir
the gesture	o gesto
My best friend got annoyed for them not having reciprocated the gesture.	O meu melhor amigo ficou chateado por não terem retribuído o gesto.
to appreciate	apreciar
the generosity	a generosidade
We appreciate your generosity very much.	Nós apreciamos muito a vossa generosidade.
the wrapping	o embrulho
the bow	o laço
After having made the wrapping, we put the bow on.	Depois de termos feito o embrulho, pomos o laço.
The very beautiful wrapping has an enormous bow.	O embrulho lindíssimo tem um laço enorme.
the dedication (inscription)	a dedicatória
Thank you (f) for having read my dedication.	Obrigada por teres lido a minha dedicatória.
the gratitude	a gratidão
Our gratitude for the dedication is so big that we cry.	A nossa gratidão pela dedicatória é tão grande que choramos.
He appreciates your nice gesture.	Ele aprecia o teu gesto simpático.
There is no greater generosity than them having offered the house.	Não há maior generosidade do que terem oferecido a casa.
The small gift is small, but the gratitude is enormous.	A lembrança é pequena, mas a gratidão é enorme.
Despite having bought the small gift, we forgot the wrapping.	Apesar de termos comprado a lembrança, esquecemo-nos do embrulho.
We show our gratitude for them having reciprocated.	Mostramos a nossa gratidão por eles terem retribuído.
Thank you for having bought the gift.	Obrigado por teres comprado o presente.
After having given the book, we were happy.	Depois de termos dado o livro, ficámos felizes.
The parents are happy because of having received the letter.	Os pais estão felizes por causa de terem recebido a carta.
The girl thanked us for having offered the wine.	A rapariga agradeceu-nos por termos oferecido o vinho.