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Portuguese (Portugal)

### Singular Subject Pronouns

In Portuguese, subject pronouns tell us who is performing the action. Here are the basic singular pronouns:

- **eu** (I)
- **tu** (you, informal)
- **ele** (he)
- **ela** (she)

The verb **ser** (to be) changes depending on the pronoun. You have already seen the forms for *eu* and *tu*. For *ele* and *ela*, use **é**:

| Pronoun | Verb form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| eu | sou | I am |
| tu | és | you are |
| ele / ela | é | he / she is |

### Negation: Using "não"

To make a negative statement, simply place the word **não** (not / no) directly before the verb.

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### Formal Ways to Say "You"

When speaking to someone formally in Portugal, you do not use **tu**. Instead, you use formal pronouns. Because these act as titles or third-party references, they all take the **third-person** verb form (**é**).

- **você** (you) — A semi-formal "you".
- **o senhor** (you, formal masculine) — Literally "the gentleman", used for men you do not know well or elders.
- **a senhora** (you, formal feminine) — Literally "the lady", used for women in formal contexts.

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Subject pronouns and negation (eu, não)

adjective

adverb

conjunction

contraction

determiner

interjection

noun

numeral

particle

phrase

prefix

prep

preposition

pron

pronoun

sentence

verb

Demonstratives and the verb to be (isto é, o, a)

Yes/no questions and question words (quem, o que)

Plural pronouns, articles, and verbs (somos, são, os, as)

Origin and possession (de, do, da)

Introductions (chamar-se)

Indefinite articles (um, uma, uns, umas)

The verb to be for locations (estar)

Contrasting the two verbs to be (ser vs. estar)

Preposition for locations (em, no, na)

Numbers 0 to 10 (zero, um, dois)

The verb to have (tenho, tem)

Regular -ar verbs (falar, trabalhar)

Regular -er verbs (comer, beber)

Regular -ir verbs (abrir, partir)

My, your, and our (o meu, a nossa)

His, hers, and theirs (dele, dela)

Adjective agreement and placement

Days of the week (segunda-feira)

Months of the year (janeiro)

Counting by tens to 100 (trinta, quarenta...)

Telling time (é uma, são...)

Asking about time (quando, a que horas)

The verb to go (ir)

Prepositions of direction (a, para)

Preposition a contractions (ao, à, aos, às)

Prepositions of place (ao lado de, em frente de...)

Demonstratives (este, esse, aquele)

Contractions with demonstratives (neste, desse, daquele)

Asking which and how many (qual, quanto)

Plurals ending in -ão (-ões, -ãos, -ães)

Plurals ending in consonants (-ns, -is, -es)

The verb to like (gostar de)

The verb to need (precisar de)

The verb to want (querer)

The verb can or may (poder)

Expressing obligation (ter de)

Adverbs of degree (muito, pouco)

Quantifiers (muito, pouco)

Comparatives (mais... do que, menos... do que)

Equality comparisons (tão... como)

The preposition com (comigo, contigo)

Coordinating conjunctions (e, mas, ou, porque)

The preposition por (pelo, pela)

Double negation (nunca, nada, ninguém)

Present continuous (estar a)

Near future (ir)

Past tense of regular -ar verbs

Past tense of regular -er and -ir verbs

Past tense of ser and ir (fui, foi)

Direct object pronouns (me, te, o, a, nos, os, as)

Pronoun placement with negatives and questions

Greetings and courtesy (bom dia, obrigado)

Physical states with ter (ter fome, ter frio)

Asking the way (à direita, sempre em frente)

Colours (vermelho, amarelo, cor-de-rosa)

Money and shopping (custar, a moeda)

Getting around (o motorista, a paragem de autocarro)

Weather and seasons (faz calor, o inverno)

Omitting the subject pronoun

Where things are: ficar (Onde fica...?)

Richer questions: que + noun and é que

Numbers above 100 (cento e vinte, mil)

First-person sound changes (durmo, prefiro)

Advice and ability: dever and saber

Asking why: porquê and porque

When one thing happens: quando-clauses

Here and there: aqui, aí, ali (cá e lá)

Formal and plural possessives: o seu, o vosso

Irregular presents: ver, vir, dar

Present irregulars

Reflexive verbs (me, te, se, nos)

Stem-changing reflexives

Attached object pronouns (-lo, -la, -los, -las)

Nasal attached pronouns (-no, -na, -nos, -nas)

Pronoun placement with adverbs

Past tense of fazer, dizer, and trazer

Past tense of ter, estar, poder, and saber

Past tense of querer and vir

Past tense of ver, dar, and ler

Past tense reflexive verbs (-se)

Time elapsed in the past (há)

Already and not yet (já, ainda não)

Question	Answer
not / no	não
tall / high	alto
I am not tall.	Eu não sou alto.
Portuguese	português
You are not Portuguese.	Tu não és português.
he	ele
the teacher (m)	o professor
He is the teacher.	Ele é o professor.
she	ela
the teacher (f)	a professora
She is the teacher and is not tall.	Ela é a professora e não é alta.
you (semi-formal)	você
You are not the teacher.	Você não é a professora.
the gentleman / you (formal, m)	o senhor
You are Portuguese and he is not tall.	O senhor é português e ele não é alto.
the lady / you (formal, f)	a senhora
You are not tall.	A senhora não é alta.
This is not the car and that is not the house.	Isto não é o carro e aquilo não é a casa.
I am not Portuguese.	Eu não sou português.
That is the book and you are the teacher.	Isso é o livro e você é o professor.
He is not tall and she is not Portuguese.	Ele não é alto e ela não é portuguesa.
You are the teacher and he is the boy.	A senhora é a professora e ele é o rapaz.
You are not Portuguese.	O senhor não é português.